Research Hypothesis Essay

Null Hypothesis: The new developed drug has no considerable difference from the standard multi-drug regimen used by most cancer patients (Â µ1 = Â µ2). Alternative Hypothesis: The new developed drug is considerably better from the standard multi-drug regimen used by most cancer patients (Â µ1 > Â µ2). The dependent variable in the study is the so-called ‘level of efficacy’ (or in simple term, the level of effectiveness of the drug). This independent variable may be measured by: 1) T-cell counts among AIDS patients, 2) improved blood circulation (measured by blood pumped per ounce per second), and 3) rate of antibody formation. For the sake of simplicity, we shall only consider the first measure of ‘efficacy’ (T-cell counts among AIDS patients). The independent variable in the study is the ‘type of drug’ used to treat patients with AIDS. Method For the purpose of theoretical efficiency, we can assume the existence of two groups. Group A is a population sample treated with the ‘new developed drug.’ Group B is a population sample treated with the standard multi-drug regimen. Note that both drugs are assumed to have a general effect on the mitigation of AIDS among patients. A higher population mean (measured by T-cell counts) would indicate a higher ‘level of efficacy.’ Biases Experimenter bias may be exhibited in the study as: 1) error in the specification of experimental maneuver, 2) error in the measurement of outcomes, and 3) faulty interpretation of data. Because of the complexity of the study, it is very likely for the researcher to commit the second error. Selection bias is not present in the study. Ethical Issues There are two pressing ethical issues in the study. First, it is generally unethical to use an untested drug (medical) to a group of AIDS patients (although it may be argued that the drug has been tested many times in the laboratory). Second, it is dangerous to test the efficacy of two sets of drugs to ‘actual’ patients.

Advertising AIDA Model

AIDA Model ATTENTION A = PAN-TASTIC OFFER FREE PIZZA INTEREST I = Hot Online 1 =RM 22 = Hot Online 2 = RM 29 = Hot Take-Away 1 = RM 19 = Hot Take-Away 2 = RM 26. 90 = Add RM 3 to upgrade to Supremes Pan Pizza DESIRE D = The image of delicious Pizza ACTION A = PIZZA HUT ONLINE ORDERING- www. pizzahut. com. my- = Halal Logo = Valid until 15 December 2011 ADVERTISER In Wichita, brothers Frank and Dan Carney opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant on June 15, 1958. They had been approached by the owner of a small building who wanted a nice neighbourhood business, and had read the Post's article about pizza.The Carneys borrowed $600 from their mother, located John Bender, an airman from McConnell Air Force Base who had worked as a pizza cook, purchased some secondhand equipment and were ready for business. The first night, they gave away pizza to interest potential customers. Many people ask how Pizza Hut got its name. When the Carneys were setting up that first restaurant, the building has a sign with room for just nine characters. They wanted to use â€Å"pizza† in the name, which left room for a word with only three characters. A family member suggested the uilding looked like a hut†¦. and Pizza Hut was born. 1959 :  Pizza Hut is incorporated and the first franchise unit opens in Topeka, Kansas. 1965 :  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Putt-Putt to Pizza Hut† musical jingle is developed for Pizza Hut's first television commercial. 1967 :  A Pizza Hut restaurant was built in five days by franchisees at the Oklahoma State Fair. World's largest pizza (six feet in diameter) is baked and served at the grand opening of the Fort Worth, Texas Pizza Hut. 1968 :  International market entered with the opening of the first Pizza Hut in Surrey, B. C. , Canada.Pizza Hut serves a million people a week at its 310 locations. 1977 :  Super Supreme is introduced. Pizza Hut opens its 3,000th unit in Arlington, Texas. 1980 :  Pan Pizza is introduced throughout the system. 1983 :  Personal Pan Pizza, with a five-minute guarantee, is introduced. Pizza Hut serves one and a half million pounds of pasta annually. Pizza Hut employs 10,000 teenagers from 16 to 19 years of age. 1984 :  BOOK IT! National reading incentive program is launched with 200,00 elementary students enrolled. 1988 :  Hand Tossed Traditional Pizza is introduced.Pizza Hut celebrates its 30th anniversary with a total of more than 6,000 restaurants and delivery units worldwide. 1990 :  Pizza Hut delivers more than 1,349,000 pizzas on Superbowl Sunday, about 7,000 pies per minute. 1995 :  Pizza Hut launches the â€Å"You'll Love The Stuff We're Made Of† campaign. Buffalo Wings soar onto the menu. Pizzeria Stuffed Crust Pizza is introduced which immediately sets company sales records. 1998 :  Surrey Place Pizza Hut celebrates its 30th year of business! ADVERTISING AGENCY Pizza Hut Hands Digital, Social Media to MartinE-commerce Business Goes to Huge Yum Brands' Pizza Hut has handed digital marketing and social media to its lead agency, Interpublic Group of Cos. ‘  Martin Agency. Sibling agency Huge has been tapped to handle Pizza Hut's e-commerce business. Both moves occurred without a review. Digital marketing was previously handled by Dallas-based indie agency IMC. The move to hand digital marketing and social media to Martin â€Å"was made to help fully integrate our digital and advertising initiatives,† according to a Pizza Hut spokesman.Huge, meanwhile, will be responsible for the pizza chain's online ordering site as well as setting overall e-commerce strategy. IMC's swan song for Pizza Hut were the recently released iPad and Android apps, as well as an updated iPhone app. Pizza Hut in 2009 launched the pizza category's first iPhone app, which has since been downloaded nearly 3 million times. The Pizza Hut spokesman said that Huge will simply â€Å"fine-tune† the online ordering platform, rather than revamp it. Pizza Hut in recent years has prioritized online ordering, as have rivals Papa John's and Domino's, making for a heated race to digital dominance.All three chains in the past have said that they hope to do about half of their business online. In April 2010 Pizza Hut had unveiled a simpler online ordering platform — customers can now order a pizza in two clicks — built by IMC and QuickOrder, Chicago. Papa John's was the first of the three big chains to offer online ordering, though Pizza Hut built industry-first ordering platforms for not only the iPhone but also Facebook, and Domino's made waves with its Pizza Tracker. Pizza Hut chief marketer Kurt Kane last year  pinned a sales turnaround on $10 pizzas and two-click ordering.Indeed, its 2010 U. S. same-store sales were up about 8%, although that growth was tempered by the chain's first-quarter 2011 earnings: U. S. same-store sales were down 3%. Pizza Hut in 2010 spent $217. 4 million on measured media spending, up 9. 7% from the prior year, according to Kantar. MEDIA The Marketing Communications Mix To ensure that our message manages to reach as much of the target audience as possible we have chosen to use the following communication approach. This approach uses a combination of advertising using two media forms, the internet and television.In accordance with the advertising, sales promotions and public relations will be carried out to hopefully guarantee the success of the campaign. Television The creation of television provided a new opportunity for widespread effective advertising. When viewing advertisements the public assesses what the advert conveys and how it conveys this message. This causes the public to evaluate aspects such as presentation, creative appeal as well as of course the message. Therefore due to impact that this powerful audio-visual tool can have on the audience, it is imperative that much consideration is given to the impression that is portrayed.One major benefit of television advertising is that it has a very high level of penetration. Statistics have shown that in the United Kingdom on average the public watches television for '28 hours per person per week' (Nationmaster, 2009). This therefore provides a lucrative possibility for many corporations. Due to the audio-visual possibilities that television advertising provides it gives the advertisers an opportunity to utilize the creative potential and fully portray the message desired which consequently helps the brand to achieve its aspired goals.For the television advertisement, a brand such as Pizza Hut should produce adverts that are creative and entertaining but also ensures that the core message is clearly communicated. The advertisement must be appealing to keep the attention of the audience to hopefully limit the effect that surrounding noise and distractions may have. There is a tendency of many consumers to directly link the credibility of a brand with the credibility of the medium, and television advertisi ng is perceived as a highly credible source to most audiences.Therefore the credibility of the Pizza Hut campaign has high chances of being enhanced if it associated with TV adverts. The television advertisement for the new campaign needs to be positively engaging on the emotional and psychological grounds. Our basic aim is to implement the pull strategy to create a demand for this new product category via the mass media. The target audience for the pizza hut campaign is the health conscious segment, but health consciousness is reflected in varied shades for different individuals, and this consideration is depicted in the television advertisement.The advertisement shows an ordinary British family consisting of a mother, a father and two teenagers; a son and a daughter. They are discussing what to have for dinner at the dining table. One option that is discussed is pizza, and it shows the four different perspectives of having pizza for dinner. The mother's standpoint is that pizza wo uldn't be suitable as it is unhealthy and lacks proper nutrients for the family, while the daughter's perspective is that she would have motivational conflicts due to the high calorie count and the diet she as been carrying out, the son also may have a similar negative perspective due an extensive work-out schedule that he has been keeping to and doesn't want to ruin and that father may be worried about blood pressure and cholesterol that are common with his age and therefore the consensus is not to order a pizza even though everyone would enjoy the experience. A pizza base appears magically on their table and tops itself up with all the healthy ingredients like vegetables/grilled lean whit meat/low fat cheese etc, which adds to the health quotient of a pizza.The advert now describes the complete new range of healthy Pizzas from Pizza Hut. This advertisement aims to appeal to its audiences through an emotional stance. Understanding a mother's basic instinct to ensure the family keep s healthy, understanding many teenager's insecurities as well as understanding the worries about health for the majority of the aging population. The psychological perspective of this advert would be that people are enjoying a pizza without experiencing cognitive dissonance.The advert would have a strong visual appeal to create the sense that it would be delicious and full of flavour, this would be carried out with visually appealing colours of the topping as well as the surrounding background of the advert. The slogan used for this advert is â€Å"Pizzas Just Got Healthier. † This is a clear, strong slogan and it also communicates the core idea of the whole advertising campaign in lucid, simple language which is easily retained by consumers. The slogan also is able to depict an image of the brand which cares about its customer's health through an product innovation.The sales promotion that is integrated into the campaign will be shown at the end of the advert with a change i n the tonal quality of the speaker, this is aimed at getting the audience to pay attention at the moment when the majority of the information is relayed. Refer to Appendix A for story board. The last but not the least the advert would be following the Association Guideline within â€Å"C4'S Golden Guidelines†; the television advertisement will be aired throughout a entertainment/comedy section, throughout the time period of 6pm to 8 pm.This time period would be a high reach period as it after school and work when more members of the family are at home. It would be most viable to relate the advert to the shared territory and common targeting aspect of the Association Guidelines. Internet Advertising The internet is described by many as a one of the most important inventions of the century. It has been a part of a major revolution in technological development worldwide. With the advent of web based advertising in 1994, it has become an extremely convenient method for many brand s to reach to the greater masses at a relatively lower cost in comparison to traditional media.The current generation is highly dependent on the internet, and therefore advertising online in the form of banner ads, button ads, pop ups are the smart and viable options for many reputed brands. Potter (1994) ‘estimates that web based marketing results in ten times the units sold at one tenth of the advertising budget, and that's one of the most important reasons to opt for an online advert. ‘ An added bonus also is that consumers have the option of watching the advert as many times as they wish and so are able to obtain all the information that the advert provides.The new Pizza Hut campaign focuses mainly on giving healthier alternatives when visiting Pizza Hut, mainly in the forms ‘Healthy Pizzas'. This should be highlighted clearly to the audience as this should create an interest that may cause possible customers to acquire more information about the campaign. Anot her rationale for using web based advertising is the higher chance of an instantaneous purchase, as long as there is a option of purchasing the product or service. This impulse purchase effect will occur especially with food producers such as Pizza Hut, as it satisfies a physiological need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.To hopefully ensure a purchase it would be advisable for Pizza Hut to have an option of â€Å"Order Now† and a link to the website. Public Relations Harris (1998) indicates the ‘purpose of marketing PR is to gain awareness, stimulate sales, facilitate communication, and build relationships between consumers and companies and brands. ‘ This opportunity is an interesting prospect for Pizza Hut and alongside advertising may enable the campaign to reach more of the target audience.Pizza Hut can use its public relations agency to promote its products, services as well as its corporate identity. This is especially useful as the campaign is aiming for an image change, public relations will help communicate this change to many different groups of stakeholders. Corporate public relations is responsible for establishing understanding and trust with individuals who have a potential or actual interest in the organisation, (Kitchen, 1997). According to Gruning (1992), ‘corporate PR is the management of communication between an organisation and its publics. These may include health organisations, local businesses, local education authorities and potential customers along with many more groups. Pizza Hut can use and associate ‘the high credibility attached to this form of communication. ‘ (Fill et al, 2005) to create credibility and maintain the credibility of the brand. In order for Pizza Hut to be effective when carrying out its public relations, it will introduce newsletters informing the previously mentioned groups of what they are trying to do in its new health campaign.Pizza Hut could also evaluate the effectiveness of its public relations by offering readers the chance to comment on the company and any articles through the feedback form at the back of the newsletter. Pizza Hut has decided to put together an article with a major newspaper publisher about obesity levels and the new Pizza Hut healthy campaign. Public relations are often important at more of a corporate level and without this option Pizza Hut would struggle to be seen as a major food outlet. This can be seen as a form of publicity.Pizza Hut should also conduct a certain amount of public relations to its internal stakeholders such as staff and external stakeholders. Internally the employee magazine should be used and these cues should ‘develop images and perceptions' (Fill, 2005) in the mind of the stakeholders, internally as well as externally. Therefore the ability for public relations to reach a medium size audience and also portray a credible image indicates that Pizza Hut should be using PR as one of its communication to ols.It must not be ignored however that public relations is more effective when integrated with other communication tools. By combining such tools as advertising with public relations it is possible to gain full national coverage something that would not necessarily be possible with other communication tools. Sales Promotions The institute of sales promotion (2004) defines sales promotion as a ‘planned and implemented activity that both enhances product or service appeal and changes customer behaviour positively in return for an additional benefit for purchase or participation'. Yeshin, 2006) According to Yeshin (2006) sales promotion can function on three levels by communicating, catching the customer's attention at the point of purchase'(Yeshin, 2006) as well as providing extra information that may influence the purchase decision. Sales promotions can also provide an incentive by offering ‘some form of direct inducement, either immediate or delayed, which changed the p erceptual base of the purchasing decision. ‘ (Yeshin, 2006) Sales promotions can also advance the purchasing decision and ‘invite the consumer to engage in an immediate transaction. (Yeshin, 2006) Therefore there is a strong rationale for using sales promotions in the new Pizza Hut campaign. The ability to create a product trial and sampling is necessary aspect for the success of the campaign. Once attracting customers to try the new healthier pizza range, this hopefully will encourage repeat purchases and create a loyalty to the brand. Through this loyalty there will hopefully be an increase in frequency of purchase as well as different usage. The sales promotions that Pizza Hut are planning on integrating into the campaign are such as a grouping with ‘Innocent Smoothies. Innocent Smoothies is a good association with this campaign as it is a well known smoothie brand which is related heavily with being healthy and prides itself on only using ‘100% natural, h ealthy renewable ingredients. ‘ (Innocent Drinks, 2009) have also already had success with the health conscious target audience already and so will create added value in the mind of this audience. The promotion that Pizza Hut is running is a ‘Meal Deal' in which a choice of healthy pizzas accompanied with either an innocent smoothie or a side salad. This ‘Meal Deal' will be set at ? . 99. Through these promotions there will hopefully be an increase in market share due to brand switching. A pull strategy will occur in which consumer decides to choose Pizza Hut over competing brands. Unlike some other tools of marketing communication, which work over a longer term, sales promotion produces rapid results and return on investment is often substantial. However it will be used along side with other marketing communication tools for this campaign so as to bring about an integrated marketing communication approach. SUPPLIERS / VENDOR

alturism Essay Example For Students

alturism Essay Altruism is used in discussions of ethics as an alternative to ethical egoism: the belief that people ought to be selfish. Altruism leads us to find a middle ground between being purely self interested and devoting our entire lives to the group. We learn that its not preferable to be too self interested, but can be harmful to devote all your energy to other people. A little too much self interest can be as harmful as too much virtuousness towards others. As an ethical egotist, what you might learn from altruism is; there are certain situations where it could pay not to be self interested. A good example would be several people stuck on a deserted island. If everyone left destined for their separate survival, surly only a few would live very long. If the people banded together, shared the work and supplies, surely most or all would survive longer.This shows that there are situations you can handle better when you chose to be in a group, then on your own. In conclusion I think any person should carefully consider before deciding to act in their own interest or act for a group that they are part in. People should try and think of what might be more beneficial for them in the long term as well as immediately. If the worst is true; and humans are purely selfish beings, what people should do is substitute a little altruistic philosophy in their thinking. This would help incorporate every self interested person into a group that functions better than any people could individually. It would probably help expand the available choices for people who feel they cannot make a decision. I think it can also lead the world in a more tolerant direction.

Transport and Logistics and E-Commerce Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transport and Logistics and E-Commerce - Article Example the bridging up of the gap of geographical locations, enabling the comparison of stocks of a product at various retailers without having to visit them personally etc. An entire e-commerce business can exist virtually except it logistics and transport operations that have their own physical existence. These operations are often spread over a large span of geographical locations especially in the case of internationally acclaimed e-commerce transactions. It is in such similar situations that logistics becomes one of the most complex areas in an e-business. It is often a preferable notion that e-commerce web portals sublet their logistics and transport related operation to third party vendors. These vendors are required to assist a business with its supply chain, warehousing of goods, and consolidation of shipments, order fulfillment and reverse logistics. A very good example of efficient and reliable third party vendors is MRL Logistics. MRL Logistics specializes in its area of logistics and transport. This is very convenient for e-commerce websites as the purpose of their business needs the most of their focus. Spending too much attention on transport and logistics may result in neglecting of basic operations. E-Commerce and Logistics are both separate ever-growing domains that need separate evolution and refurbishment on their own end. Its best suited that the people specializing for this task and fully updated in it be approached for it as they specialize in it. MRL Logistics proudly distinguishes itself as a provider of exemplary, impeccable and cost effective Transport and Logistic needs of your business. If you want your logistic needs to be fulfilled perfectly, with time efficiency and security of your freight than what else could be better than getting it done from MRL Logistics? Dr S.J.C.M. Weijers, Dr D. Rouwenhorst, P. Huijbregts, Dr Ing S. Rozemeijer. Virtual Certainties about E-commerce, Transport and Logistic. Transport Research Centre. [Online]

Phonological Aspects of English Teaching and Learning #2 Research Paper

Phonological Aspects of English Teaching and Learning #2 - Research Paper Example As the number of non-native English speakers rises due to globalization, there is a growing interest in phonology as the original language, which is fundamentally Standard English, has undergone some modifications (Mohammed and Alzughaibi, 2012). The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the phonological aspects of teaching and learning English by Arabic students who are not native English speakers. The several variants of English make it a wide area of research. Most ESL (English as a second language) teachers agree on the necessity of teaching explicit pronunciation in language courses (Montrul, 2010). While confidence in pronunciation facilitates the learners’ interactions with native speakers and improves their linguistic development, poor pronunciation masks good language skills and condemns learners to less academic, social, and professional advancement than they deserve (Clark, Yallop & Fletcher, 2007). When learners interact more with native speakers, they will greatly improve their pronunciation, but their hindrance stems from the fact that such interactional skills do not come naturally. As Kavaliauskiene (2009) points out, foreign language is influenced by their mother tongue and learners analyze and digest the information they receive from the perspective of their mother tongue first and then the new foreign language. Acknowledging this observation, it can also be said that the Arabic L1 phonological system can either facilitate or interfere with the learning of the L2 English phonological system. More specifically, it can be demonstrated that Arab learners insert vowels unintentionally in the onset and coda of some English syllables. For example, the syllable structures in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) did not allow clusters of the type CCC initially as English language did. So, as a result, the Arabic learners of English will insert the high front short

Private security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Private security - Coursework Example Additional options of where it is sourcing funds are from partnerships, client advance payments and vending. The firm also relies heavily on any of the funds that they have generated, second mortgages and credit cards (Krueger, 2002). The firm intends to use the start up funds to cover build out costs, purchase the necessary equipment and software and also to cover the facility. Initial costs of operating will also be covered by the funds, that is, taxes, payroll and utilities. The firm intends to spend forty five percent of the funds on assets so that the remaining fifty five percent could be spent on operations until it starts to make profits. The new business venture tends to accept government grants or guarantees as part of the capital structure because it will receive huge monetary rewards from it which will be in millions of dollars. The venture will also find it easier to raise more money from other government and private sectors once it receives government grants. It will therefore have high chances of being prestigious, getting instant credibility and also gaining public exposure as noted by Krueger (2002). Government grants do no have to be paid back and when the venture accepts them it means that the government will have already done research on the necessary activities that will ensure satisfaction of the public needs. This may mean that the venture will have ready customers because of the great demand for its services and products. Ratio of depth to equity measures the amount of money that a venture should borrow safely over a long time period. This is done by comparing the total debts of the venture and dividing it by the total amount of owner’s equity. The result is the total percent of what the firm is indebted. In the initial capital structure of the venture, equity consisted of both the common and preferred stock and also

What is the self and how can we know it, or can we know it at all Term Paper

What is the self and how can we know it, or can we know it at all - Term Paper Example Ascribing from the above definition it can be argued that the self refers to what someone perceives or thinks about himself. The self concept can be known when one becomes aware of oneself. An individual can know this concept when he belief on himself or herself and achieves a higher level of personal attributes awareness. It can be generally the self can be viewed o three strands perspective. First is the physical self who basically comprise the sense of embodiment, psychological self which is the ability to differentiate between self and others (Mitchell 56). Finally is the higher level sense which summarizes the actions attributed to the psychological and the physical self. The self can also be identified by the discourse and the conduct of the individual. In regard to this, the intentions of an individual and the actions which emanates can also be used to describe the self. The identity of the self concept of an individual is determined particularly by the distinct characteristic s and attributes of an individual (Mitchell 98). Descartes’ position on self Descartes’ position and perception of self is the ascription of the self to being the transcendent agent which can be referred to as homunculus. Descartes provides that the self is a non-natural entity citing the soul which basically determines the various human components and perceptions. On this agent causation view the concept of free is the cause of the actions which is attributed to the self and that it is free from the natural causation (Mitchell 115). This Descartes’ position on self can be referred to as indeterminism where the argument is basically based on the free will of the individuals. The argument is further based on the moral responsibility and it asserts that the existence of the self leads to existence of the free will which is responsible for an individual actions. This position in is perceived voidable because of the belief of the existence of the soul which basicall y affect the human way of thinking and how bodies react. The self of an individual is highly connected to the source of the personal identity (Mitchell 120). Descartes’ position on self ascribes to the fact that the soul is relevant in determining the identity of an individual. This is further attributed to the soul imperceptibility and being the source of the identity. The weakness of this view is the fact that the soul may change having the same memoires attributes and the doubt in regard to the change and dynamism of personal behaviors (Mitchell 146). Locke’s empiricism and the self Locke’s empiricism and the self are based on the argument which considers the self as immortal and attributes it to the personal immortality. Locke asserts that the self doesn’t know the nature it ought to have in order to be able to think. The determination of the soul identity is also ascribed since matter is basically in a continuous flux. He further argue that the key t o the self of a person is individual is memory. What makes a person attributed to the self is the ability to posses the living awareness of the personal interest which basically makes a person who he or she is. In this Locke’s view of the self the aspect of memory having substantial basis is taken into account. There is the possibility of the self having immortality without opposing anti-dogmatism. The strengths associated to this perception are that it justifies the belief of individual self, its gives a common ground of discussing the validity of the personal self (Mitchell 78). The weaknesses of this stand are that it does not clearly explain the demarcation

Orginzation change in puplic sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orginzation change in puplic sector - Essay Example According to the research, it is evident that, the organizations in public sector required more sustained and deeper change process (Bell, 2008, p.22). It is identical from the case that, due to several reasons, such as inadequate attention to several organization systems, absence of change management competence and flawed guiding theory of change; the organizations within the public sector is failing to implement successful change process. Inadequate independent variable understanding within the management is affecting the change process in the public sector organizations. Kurt Lewin’s organizational change theory can be applied in this study to propose an effective change process to the public sector organizations. The objective of the study is to evaluate the opinions of the authors regarding the change process and theories in the public sector organizations. Critical Evaluation Several authors have presented different views about the implementation of the organizational ch ange process. This part will critically evaluate the opinions of hose authors and will find out strengths, weakness and negative and positive points on the opinions. Lau, Osborne and Gaebler have argued that, due to lack of focus of government leaders, the organizations of public sector are not able to implement the change process effectively. ... Change management is a key competitive strategy that needs to be implemented for a specific period of time. Moreover, it is true that lack of understanding of independent variable within the management can affect the change process. Implementation of Change process Before applying organizational change process, it is important to understand the reason behind change and effectiveness of the change process (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p.86). Depending upon the present situation of the organization in the public sectors, application of the Kurt Lewin’s organizational change process can be effective. Kurt Lewin’s organizational change process This process includes three stages, such as unfreezing, refreezing and change. Unfreeze process refers as the preparation of organization change process. Refreeze stands for shaping up the change process. Move or change includes the effectiveness of the organizational communication process (Appendix). Unfreezing In this stage the pub lic sector organizations need to determine and understand the change process. An in-depth research work is necessary by the consultants in order to implement the change process (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2010, p.98). The organization should implement this change process in the domain of manufacturing procedure, domain of training programmes and development. Effective unfreezing process will help the public sector organizations to develop overall communication system and organizational structure. The top level management of the organizations should involve in this change process along with the appointed consultants. Refreezing In this stage, the appointed consultant should anchor the change process into the culture of public

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art History - Essay Example The statue of seated Khafre, was built near the Great Sphinx for the Pharaoh’s valley. During the reign of Khafre Egypt was a peaceful country with no military attacks and full of prosperity. Khafre kept the title â€Å"Son of Re† which was started by his father. Menkaure and Khamerernebty are shown with perfect bosy and faces. Care was taken to show the Queen looked very feminine and the King as masculine. It shows that they represent a class that is prosperous and rich in culture and walth. A group of islands that form a circle in the south of Aegean Sea is called as Cyclades. Cycladic art is considered as prehistoric as no scriptures were found. Most of these are figures of nude females whose arms are folded across the chest. The male cycladical idols are cylindrical in shape. Palace of Knossos (Crete) 1700-14—B.C.E. was the home for the tyrant King Minos. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal woman named Europa. The palace has low cilings, all the columns wer e made of wood, has stone masonry walls. Small chapels were used for worship and religious activities. The palace was not just for royal purposes, evidence shows that they used for administration also. Bull Leaping (Toreador) fresco, from Knossos.was one of the best-known wall paintings of Knossos. The painting depicts a charging bull, two girls and a boy. One girl holds the horns of the bull, the jumps on to the back of the bull and other girl is ready to catch the bull. This bullfight might be a ritual in which the bull were sacrificed.or the fighters or both were sacrificed. 9. It is situated at Akrotiri and one of the best preserved mural paintings. Most of the painting used to depict people but this one was drawn on a landscape. Its full of flowers and colored rocks and tourists title was "the Spring Fresco". 10. The important structures that were reconstructed by the archeologists that form the defensive elements, one used for regal gatherings and the royal reception hall. It is a large set of rooms that's connected to a portico to the open yard and a great hearth at the center and a throne to one side. 11. Lion Gate of Mycenae is a cyclopean masonry that introduces a refine element to the monumental entrance. The structure so made that it keeps enemy soldiers off guard and vulnerable. The bastion is on the hillside, much taller and inaccessible height. Lions at the entrance give a resemblance of guardian that is there to protect. 12. The Greek paintings used to depict humans and animals and lately full Geometric style was developed. The paintings contain different geometric shapes like triangles, circles, square, etc., to depict torsos, long legs and many more. 13. Exekias: Ajax and Achilles playing a dice game, 540-530 B.C.E. was a part of painting known as black figure. Exekias was panel and vase painter and depicts the rivalry between the two Trojan heroes into a board game. His vision of the painting was telling a story where both the warriors were locking horns to fight. 14. Euphronios: Herakles Wrestling Antaios, 510 B.C.E., natural red from the pottery was used to paint.

Introduction to Mass Communications (MEDC1010) Essay

Introduction to Mass Communications (MEDC1010) - Essay Example The author will first define power and discuss briefly the two forms of power, hard and soft. Following this, the author will give an overview of the CNN Effect and discuss how the first noted example of the Effect, the Somalia civil war and subsequently, the UN and US joint peacekeeping mission into the failed state, literally changed the face of the media landscape. The CNN Effect turned news in specific, and media, in general, from a delayed broadcast of current events in which the typical viewer was simply an observer; to instantaneous or almost real-time broadcasts, bringing the world into one's own living room, and essentially making the individual feel a part of a greater global community (Hess, S., Kalb, M., Eagleberger, L., Woodruff, J., & Livingstone, S., 2002). Power, by definition, is "the factors that enable one actor to manipulate another actor's behavior against its preferences."(Kegley, C., 2009) Specifically, there are two forms of power that are wielded in order to manipulate the other actor, hard power and soft power. Hard power, simply stated, is the coercion by tangible means of actor B by actor A. Examples of hard power can be seen in military action or coercive diplomacy. Following the end of the Cold War, however, a new form of power became increasingly utilized in order to coerce the other player. Soft power. Due to the changing nature of international politics, intangible forms of power, or 'Soft Power' has gained increasing importance (Nye, J.1990). As media outlets began to relate news in real time, beginning with the US invasion of Iraq in 1991, in which journalists were embedded amongst combat military units, literally bringing the war live to the American public, the armchair, typically uninvolved citizen becomes engaged in issues that previous to this period simply did not exist. The face of the media world was forever changed. The CNN Effect: Somalia The classic example of the power of the media is the CNN Effect. In the early 1 990's media became more global and what was known as the CNN effect became a powerful force to be reckoned with. The CNN effect "was first noted when heartbreaking footage of starving children in Somalia pressured U.S. officials to send troops there." (Hess, S., Kalb, M., Eagleberger, L., Woodruff, J., & Livingstone, S., 2002) Media itself became an instigator for the enactment of policy and action. Before the phenomenon of the CNN effect, though many atrocities had occurred worldwide and had been occurring for as long as humans have wielded weapons, the general public scope of awareness did not connect to the distant occurrences, so far from the comfort of their homes. Once the general public began to learn, through the media, about different atrocities, which began with, but was not limited to the civil war taking place in Somalia, pressure was put on the home governments to take action in order to alleviate the situation (in contrast to the clean, almost poetic, surgical airstrik es aired from the invasion of Iraq). In the case of Somalia, the CNN effect not only led to the peacekeeping mission in Somalia, but also to the subsequent early cessation of the mission. After 18 United States soldiers were killed, and the media broadcasted, "horrifying footage of Somalis dragging the body of a

The Mill on the Floss - Simbolistic approach Essay Example for Free

The Mill on the Floss Simbolistic approach Essay George Eliot was the male pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans (she would later call herself Marian), born on November 22, 1819 at Arbury Farm in Warwickshire. Her father, Robert Evans, was an overseer at the Arbury Hall estate, and Eliot kept house for him after her mother died in 1836. The Mill on the Floss involves many autobiographical details, and it reflects Eliots close childhood relationships with her father and her older brother Isaac. The Floss is a somewhat difficult symbol to track, as it also exists for realistic effect in the workings of the novel. On the symbolic level, the Floss is related most often to Maggie, and the river, with its depth and potential to flood, symbolizes Maggies deeply running and unpredictable emotions. The rivers path, nonexistent on maps, is also used to symbolize the unforseeable path of Maggies destiny. St. Ogg, the legendary patron saint of the town, was a Floss ferryman. One night a woman with a child asked to be taken across the river, but the winds were high and no other boaters would take her. Only Ogg felt pity for her in her need and took her. When they reached the other side, her rags turned into robes, and she revealed herself to be the Blessed Virgin. The Virgin pronounced Oggs boat safe to all who rode in it, and she sat always in the prow. The parable of Ogg rewards the human feeling of pity or sympathy. Maggie has a dream during her night on the boat with Stephen, wherein Tom and Lucy row past them, and Tom is St. Ogg, while Lucy is the Virgin. The dream makes explicit Maggies fear of having neglected to sympathize with those whom she hurts during her night with Stephen (and also, perhaps, her fear that they will not sympathize with her in the future). But it is Maggie, finally, who stands for St. Ogg, as she rows down river thinking only of Toms safety during the flood in a feat of almost miraculous, divinely-protected effort. Especially in the early books of The Mill on the Floss, Tom, and especially Maggie, are associated with animal imagery. The imagery is usually of farm-type animals—ponies, dogs, ducks—and usually points to the characters capacity for affection or non-adherence to social convention. Following Darwin, Eliot uses this imagery also to gesture toward the wider relation between humans and animals that can be especially seen in young children. Thus, when Maggie and Tom reconcile in Chapter IV of Book First, the narrator points out, We [adults] no longer approximate in our behaviour to the mere impulsiveness of the lower animals, but conduct ourselves in every respect like members of a highly civilized society. Maggie and Tom were still very much like young animals. The motif of darkness and lightness of women—meaning their eyes, hair, or skin—is often used to emphasize the uniqueness of Maggies appearance. The motif of darkness and lightness connects to the motif of the distinctions between the Dodsons and the Tullivers—the Tullivers have darker skin, while the Dodsons have lighter skin. The Dodsons, and indeed, all of St. Oggs, respect or covet Lucy Deanes fair appearance. Her lightness is also prized in a larger cultural arena, and, in Book Fourth, Maggie becomes frustrated by the traditional plot lines in which the light, blond women live happily ever after in love. Maggies family views her darkness as ugly and unnatural, yet by the end of the novel, it has made men perceive Maggie as more beautiful because her darkness is a rarity. Eliot depicts Maggies eyes as her most striking feature. All men (including Philip, Bob Jakin, and Stephen) notice her eyes first and become entranced. Maggies eyes are a symbol of the power of emotion she contains—the depth of feeling and hunger for love that make her a tragic character. This unique force of character seems to give her power over others, for better or for worse. In Book First, Maggie is associated with Medusa, the monster who turns men to stone by looking at them. Maggies eyes compel people, and different characters reactions to them often reflect the characters relationship with Maggie. Thus, Philip, who will become Maggies teacher, in a sense, and first love, notices that her eyes were full of unsatisfied intelligence, and unsatisfied, beseeching affection. Bob Jakin, who views Maggie as superior to him and a figure of whom to be in awe, reports that Maggie has such uncommon eyes, they looked somehow as they made him feel nohow. Finally, Stephen, who will exploit the inner struggle that Maggie has felt for the entire novel, notices that Maggies eyes are full of delicious opposites.

Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Public Policy Essay Public Administration always needs funding for various aspects throughout many realms.   From grants to sidewalk repair to going green in residential homes to starting up a business and educational grants.   There are also, as we are currently seeing,   monies coming from the federal government for stimulus payments to US citizens and as proposed by our new President Elect Obama there are policies in the making for a permanent stimulus or tax rebate due to excessive oil prices and changes in healthcare.    The one thing with the majority of the monies being spoken of is that so much comes from the federal government.   This precludes any monies the states may have or have already spent, as in the end they also receive monies from federal agencies. So here we see a vicious circle of all these people needing money for one reason or another, they spend what they have, apply for grants from the federal government, the federal government says hey ok but in the end, what do we do when the federal government runs out of money?   What do states do when there is no money left to be tapped?   Do they droll at another department because that department may have the monies to continue further? Let us start with the liquor tax.   Currently the taxation goes like this; the federal government gets approximately 10% of each gallon depending on the proof or volume manufactured (each state seems to vary) of the alcohol.   The higher the proof, the more the taxes they receive.   The state on the other hand receives a much higher revenue from the tax (State Liquor Tax Rates-2008).   Each state has different programs in which the taxes collected helps finance.   The federal government should take only a specified amount, a flat tax from each state for both alcohol and tobacco and keep tally on which states they obtain these taxes from and how  much.   When these individual states run out of their own taxed revenue then when they apply for a grant, the grant acceptance and money distribution is then taken from the coffers of the federal government based upon the taxes already received into the hands of the federal government.   This keeps those federal tax dollars fo cused in one area instead of spread all over the board.   If states run out of money from the federal government through this specified mean then the balloting of measures asking for the public in general to vote on a new tax for this reason, should be implemented. Some states have public lottery games or gambling which is allowed in public places, of course with age allowances in place.   The federal government has their hands in this pie as well.   I believe that the federal government should step away and not collect taxes on this except maybe through an individual tax return, and allow the states to keep and maintain this taxation as sole entities with a fiscal report as to where these tax dollars are spent.   In addition, taxes collected on gambling should be distributed to the same entities each yr without prevail or each year change their entities of who these taxes go to, to help finance.   This would be akin to alternating weekends of work in the general public forum. Let us go a bit more local.   Each county has their county has their own form of taxation and ways to obtain revenue.   These counties should work together more as a team than what they currently do.   Instead of them allocating their funds to only the departments within (i.e. city tax on water only for water line improvement) they should all pool their monies together.   There  should be a strict fiscal plan in place that determines how much money goes where and for what.   Each department of the county should be made each year to make an honest analysis of what they will need to further any improvements that are necessary and not frivolous and based upon that information, this will determine what departments get what.   Maybe the courthouse has an upcoming need to repair a bathroom where as the dump wants a wall around their facility to improve aesthic purposes.   Which is more important?   This should be obvious.   What if the county sheriff’s department needs to have additional law enforcement but has a lack of cars?   Instead of being allowed to buy the new cars each year, cut the rate of cars bought in half and put two people to each car.   This may only mean the savings from not buying 2 or 3 cars but each dollar helps. In the end, the county has a complete record of where all the money goes to and they have all worked together as a team and not against each other due to politics and there may also be more money left over at the end of each year which will definitely lessen the amount of money asked for from the federal government. Healthcare is a big issue.   Public policy should simply enforce specific financial capping rules as to what the healthcare industry can charge for their costs, this is to include doctors and providers of insurance alike.  Ã‚   If these two entities can work together as a team regarding services, payments and insurance under more strict federal guidelines of what can be charged for these instances, then this would make these two entities work more closely together. All in all, each department of each state, county and city that implements a tax, part of each department should also allocate a small percentage of the tax revenue to a general fund for emergencies or unseen departments that may suddenly need additional fund.   This General fund should also be exhausted before applying for federal grants. Some may consider this a socialistic view regarding public administration and maybe it is, but if so then take a look into Canada’s or Europes socialization and compare these two to the country of America.   Which one is better off in the long run.   If you can determine that (and it isn’t the USA) then you can determine that they are doing something more correct.

Leadership Traits Of Steve Jobs

Leadership Traits Of Steve Jobs Charisma is a God given gift that few people possess, he is one of them. God not only gives him this gift, but also gives him the magic to attract the public which is usually the character of provocative evangelist and politician. He is a typical American-style hero, after several ups and downs; he is still around, like Hemingway said in The Old Man and the Sea: A man can be destroyed but not defeated. He and his friend created a legend in electronic word, bring the world to a personal computer era. But at the peak of his career he was blocked, his life fells from the peak to the bottom, but 12 years later, he comeback , to start another legend. Your time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life, says Steve Jobs. From the day he was born on February 24, 1955, Steven Paul Jobs was on his own. As the CEO of Apple Computer and CEO and Chairman of Pixar, Jobs is today recognized as one of the top leaders and is worth an estimated $4.4 billion. He is a successful example of in both computer and entertainment industries, his story impress me a lot so I decide to write this paper, mainly for unearth the factors that lead him to so many success and his distinctive characters that make him such a charismatic person. I will first give a brief introduction about his childhood and background information and his career, then I will list and explain his major leadership traits and behaviors that make him an idol. The last will be the application of Steve jobs leadership in hospitality industry. snapshots of Steve Jobs Born of APPLE Steve Jobs was born in San Franciscoà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’February 24, 1955, the moment he was born, he became a orphanhe was ruthlessly abandoned by the university professor father and the decadent artists mother. Luckily, a lonely couple who dont has any kids adopt him. When Jobs is a kid, he is smart, naughty, wanton, and often come up with mischief, nevertheless he gets outstanding academic records. At that time, Jobs lived near the famous Silicon Valley where many of his neighbors are Silicon Valley veteran of Hewlett-Packard, under the influence of these people, he fall in love with electronic. The first time he saw the computer is in a party of HP employee, and began to crazy about it. When he was in the junior high, he met Stephen Gary Wozniak (Aug. 11 1950) who is five years older than him and latterly became the most important person in his career. Woz is the president of e-club and also have great interest in electronics so the two hit it off. They founded Apple Computer together e ight years later. When he was 19 as a freshman of college, he suddenly came up with an idea to get a job in a computer game company and drop the school. Soon after, he became interested in Buddhism quit the job and travel overseas to India to be the apprentice of the master. After he fails he came back to USA and work in the previous company to be an engineer. After many setbacks, he finally decided to settle down and work on his interests as before. With Woz jobs spend day and night in his garage doing all kinds of experiment and dreaming about having a personal computer. After exploring the market he found out, computer at that time are all giant computer for commercial usage and quite expensive. So they think about developing a personal computer by themselves, but the corn part of the computerthe 8080 chip costs $270 and wont sell to the individual client other than public company. Finally, they find another 6502 chip 6502 which almost has the same quality with the chip 8080 made by inter company and the prize if much lower, it only cost $20 for each piece. They went back to the garage with the chip and starts their innovation of computer world. After several weeks, they finally finish their first piece of worka personal computer. But at that time they dont what their work means to the future electronic world, it is the first personal computer and is a brand new concept to most of the people by that time. All of their friends was so shocked and Steve and his friend tried everything they can to raise money for the bulk production. On the fools day of 1976, Jobs and Woz and one of Jobs friends Ronald Wayne together sign a contract and decide to establish the apple companies with the well know logo an apple bit by somebody. And the computer itself was named as the Apple I Abandoned by the company he established At that time Apple didnt have a good business, even though the computer is quite amazing for those who love electronic, for the common person they dont know what this machine used for. Their first big order is a 50 one made by a salesman. And then they began to receive more and more orders, and Jobs began to consider of bulk production. Unfortunately, few people would like to invest until a successful salesman provide a huge amount of loan to them and help them develops a business plan. On the first computer fair held on the west coast, Apple II attracted so much attention and thousands of customers crowd around their exhibition hope to buy one. Apple came to a peak in 1980 when the company went public. All the shares were sold out within an hour, and Steve Jobs became one of the richest men in USA. He receives the National Technology Medal granted by President Ronald Reagan. However failure seems always comes with huge success, Steves business philosophy always differs from other people and the IBM began to grow up swallow apples market share quickly. Nearly everyone think its Steves fault to have such a bad business. On September 17, 1985 he quit his job, leave the company he set up. He insist to sell the hardware and software together as a package and this stop the companys expansion speed à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’do everything by themselves, that is one of the reasons why he fail. December 17, 1996 is a remarkable day for Apple and the entire computer industry. Steve Jobs came back and with an even greater passion on Apple, because he never forgets his dream. By the time he went back he start to reform and restructure the traditional operation and administration in the company. To everybodys amazement, he picks up the relationship with Microsoft which is the biggest competitor at that time. Just like before, he spent a lot of effort inventing new computers. His effort pays off until iMac, a brand new design computer occurred in the market with the famous motto I think, therefore iMac. He always keeps himself busy and company start to make profit again. Before he came back companys balance show a negative number of one billion but by the time 1999 the balance show a positive number of 300 million, at the same time iMac II shock the computer market again people began to regard him with special respect. Outstanding leadership traits of Steve Jobs Physical and Background Traits Steve Jobs is adopted as referred in the introduction part, this quite influence his personality formulation of his whole childhood, Steve is so clever that he recognized he was adopted when he is very young, this makes him feels it is more dependable of himself than others, because even his biological parents abandon him. In this case he began to become more and more independent and hate the regulation from others and tends to make every decision by himself. For instance, even if his family is not that rich, he insist to go to a private school which charge high fees to study in the best microelectronic school at that time. To everyones surprise, he quit the school which he spent so much effort to get in because he think the homework is stupid and waste of time. Even the school dismissed him, he still stay in the dormitory learn by himself and do the experiment. At last he even cant stand stay in the school, he goes out the campus and get a job in HP. Another trait that make him so success maybe because his environment he stay during his childhood. His family leaves near the famous silicon valley where many great electronic masters work and this affect him so much that he addicted to it and cant help himself out. Whats more, he even lives next to an engineer works in the HP Company and act as his mentor when he is young. This man is worth mention not only because he lead Steve into the magic electronic world but also he introduce him a job in HP and this is so important for Steve because it help Steve to know more about electronic and the business. Personality and Ability Traits Power of dominance. Steve Jobs dominance everything during work including the detail process of production and all employees. No matter you are a common person or a computer genius he can always dominant you, for most people willing or have to obey his direction. For those who insist not follow his idea, he will use everything he can to defeat you to obey his commander. For example, he always question people like, Do you really believe you are right? most people will lose confident at this moment and for those who dont compromise, he will try his best to find out the flow in your work, and gradually destroy your self-confidence and believe he is the person that you have to obey. Steve Jobs use nearly every psychological skill that helps leaders to control others and maintain the leaders dominance. It usually takes two steps to control a person, first, he will use some frightening or even rude way destroy the persons confident makes the person feel like a helpless child. Then, build a parent image for himself to guide him, after these two steps the person will behave in the way Steve told him and grant his own success to Steves great guidance. Jobs have very high skill in giving speech and presentation. There are mainly 7 techniques that Jobs has learned about inspiring his audience; he use all of them to wow his employees, customers, investors, or anyone else he need to motivate. First, Sell dreams, not products. Steve Jobs define his mission as changing the world. When iPod appears on the market in 2001, Jobs said, In our own small way were going to make the world a better place. Where most people see the iPod as a music player, Jobs sees it as tool to enrich peoples lives. Secondà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Reveal a Holy Smokes moment. There is always one water cooler moment in Steve Jobs presentation. For example, when Jobs unveiled the MacBook Air, what do people remember? They recall that he take computer out from an envelope! The image of a computer sliding in an envelope was immediately unveiled in Apple ads and on the Apple website. The water cooler moment had run according to plan. Share the stage. Few companies are as closely associated with their founders as Apple is with Steve Jobs. But on stage Steve Jobs is far from a one-man show. Jobs introduces partners or customers in every major presentation. If they cant physically share the stage with him, he will roll video clips and testimonials about Apples products. He also introduces employees who deliver sections of the presentation. Whether its designer Jonathan Ive or marketing chief Phil Schiller, employees with particular expertise in one area often share the stage with Jobs. Your audience craves variety. Give it to them. They also want to see teamwork. Show it to them. Task and Social Traits He has the greatest motivation in his work. First 3year when he back to Apple he didnt get any money from the company which equals to stock worth $500 million and insist working 90 hours a week. So, it is the passions on making unique products that are outstanding and change the perspective for consumers. And never give up the passion on Apple even when he caught cancer. Like all of the successful leaders, Jobs has great sociability. When Jobs leaves apple and began to set up a new company and try to get a bank to cooperate, he calls the chairman of Citibank, even it can be done by a manager in a branch-bank, the chairman met him help him solve the problem. Whats more, he also does some charities and send new product to those who he admire by himself. All of these behavior enhance his affected his influence in the public. Outstanding Negotiation Skill à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â€ž ¢ Striving for perfectionism; Leadership behavior of Steve Jobs Directive leadership behaviors Base on so many anecdotes of Steve Jobs no matter positive or negative, we can clearly see he belongs to directive leaders. He seldomly listen to others opinion and even name others idea as stupid. Like most directive leaders, he set up strict rules to his employee. Those who fail to meet his expectation will be reprimanded. In his mind everyone should listen to his command, not only the employee but also the member of the board. The reason why he leaves apple in the early years is also caused by his directive or even someone calls egocentric. By that time, Apple doesnt have very good business because he insists to develop both software and hardware all by themselves and some other failure decision. While other computer companies like IBM quickly develop and gradually eat Apples market. His directive leadership behaviors annoy the board finally decide to kick him out. Even though the directive leadership brings him a lot of trouble, but his success is also base on it. He knows what t he plan is and how it will work. He is so directive that every employee should follow his commander and do in his way with no excuse otherwise they will be dishonored in public. When we are surfing the internet with a comfortable laptop or enjoy a game using a multi-touch screen cellphone in a subway, we will find out its Jobs directive and perfectionism that make our life so interesting. 4.2 Charismatic and transformational leadership behaviors Magic of the culture is gather a group of people and create a super power. Jobs is the kind of leader who can create such kind of cultural to increase the coherence of the team.1981 Jobs form a new group for the Macintosh computer, until 1982 he gets 20 member in his group and all of them are shrewd, capable, and full of passion like a group of pirate he is the pirate chieftains. He also held a party to implement this culture, in the party he gave everyone a T-shirt with a slogan on the cuff says: 90 Hours A Week And Loving It! He also add some sentence for some people to let them feel how important they are for the company, and some even higher level engineers can even have big meal in the cabin. He create the pirate culture not for fun, his real goal is to motivate the group to work hard to shock the world on May 16, 1983 when the computer fair would be held. All the members looking forward to the advent of products and value the product better than their life. By spreading the pir ate culture he gets a highly motivated group and reaches his goal. He knows how to convince others in in many ways including humiliation and challenging. His language is very irresistible both in speech or when negotiate with investors. Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world? this sentence which is abounding in sedition governs John Sculley the CEO of Pepsi defect to Apple. This sentence looks like a compliment and also a humiliation, it stimulate Sculley and he suffer from it for several days thinking if he not accept jobs invitation, he will wander weather he made a right decision. In the Inaugural Sulley addresses, the only reason he work for apple is to work with Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs in hospitality industry Even though there are essential differences between hospitality industry and electronics industry, but leadership is relevant. All the industries are managed by people and most essential work is done by person, so leaders of these two industry must sharing some characters or trait with each other. Hospitality industry as a labor intensive industry requires more powerful and skillful leader compared to other industry. Learning from others or even other industries becomes a shot cut for many leaders who want to improve themselves leading skills. Steve jobs as a legend of the electronics industry must be outstanding in leading a company or have some special ability to improve the efficiency of management. After analyzing and abstracting the basic leadership traits and leadership behavior of steve jobs, lets take a further step in exploring the application of steve jobs leadership character in hospitality industry and find out how the current management methods in hospitality industry ca n be improved. As a referred previously in this paper, he is the one who born to change the world. Which means his major character of his leading attributes is about innovation. This character really helps him and Apple Company shows outstanding and produces cutting-edge products. Each time Apple introduce new product into the market, there will be a huge purchase wave appear. As for hospitality industry, is innovation important in big decision making process or even daily operation? The answer will be yes. Implementing innovation in hospitality industry usually happens on the international franchising. In order to adjust itself to a new environment, a leader who have the spirit of innovation will be needed. Not only for the product adjusting but also the service concept changing. Take an example of KFC to illustrate my opinion, as we all know KFC which is one of the most famous fast food company in actually china comes from USA, but KFC seems dont have that much fans in USA compared with China. Bu t when the head company made a decision to penetrate into China market they make huge innovation to both their product and brand image. This turns out to be a big success. From this point of view, Steve jobs leading method is perfectly suit for hospitality industry. When people who had the experience of working with Jobs were asked to conclude him will always refer to his charisma, like some will say the only reason I work in Apple Company is to work with Steve Jobs. Or, his word seem have some magic that you cant refuse he will let you believe he is the only person that will lead you to success. This is a symbol of charismatic or transformational leadership. Jobs even been described as a textbook of charismatic leader who is always assertive, dynamic, outgoing, and often forceful. These characters become more and more apparent as he grows up. Hospitality as a business mainly about produce guest satisfaction has a high demand of this kind of leading style. Hotels need motivated employee to produce high guest satisfaction, and this can be handled perfectly by a charismatic leader. When hotel managers trying to motivate their employees into a good service attitude and positive mood, the manager himself should first behave dynamically and be outgoi ng so that the employees can be infected with his spirits. Imagine that, one hotel manager is depressed and how his employees will behave? His pessimism has the effect of depressing everyone around him because he is the leader the role model of the followers.

Alcohol Consumption By Adolescents :: Cause Effect Alcohol College Drinking Essays

Alcohol Consumption by Adolescents It's just another Friday night, but this time it's the guy's night out. What do many teenage boys have on their mind? They want to go cruising down the highway at 80 miles per hour with the windows down. Find some beer, and some women that they can get drunk, have sex with and have something to tell about the next day. The sad thing is, that most of the time it is true. A survey was taken in Nebraska in September of 1995, which said 25.7% of adolescents aged 18 and younger said, they have used alcohol before having sex. That is just in Nebraska alone (Courtney, 288, 1995). It is also said that Fraternity and Sorority members drink more and drink more frequently than their peers and accept as normal high levels of alcohol consumption and associated problems. Fraternity-sponsored parties also may encourage heavy drinking. Studies have found that students who consider parties or athletics important and those who drink to get drunk appear most likely to binge drink or to drink heavily (Shalala, 1, 1995 ). Although alcohol use by adolescents is frequent, alcoholism is very rare. Still, alcohol consumption by adolescents hinders normal development. Alcohol intake by children can result in learning impairment, hyperactivity, and personality and behavior problems, because today's society has accepted the casual use of alcohol (Effects, 1996, 1). Among men, research suggests that greater alcohol use is related to greater sexual aggression (Shalala, 1995, 2). Students living on campuses with higher proportions of binge drinkers experience more incidents of assault and unwanted sexual advances because of their peers' drinking than do students residing on campuses with lower proportions of binge drinkers (Shalala, 1995, 2). Some campuses sponsor alcohol awareness events and classroom lectures and distribute information about alcohol use. Although such education programs raise students' awareness of issues surrounding alcohol use, these programs appear to have minimal effect on drinking and on the rates of alcohol problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services at The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, it seems that binge drinkers appear to engage in more unplanned sexual activity and to abandon safe sex techniques more often than students who do not binge drink (Shalala, 1995, 2). The purpose of this paper will prove whether or not Ms. Shalala is right or wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first study was done in 1992. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of alcohol use to unsafe sex in Latinas. The study was conducted using telephone interviews. The interviews were conducted with 523

Identity Essay -- Identity character literature self

Identity is a state of mind in which someone recognizes/identifies their character traits that leads to finding out who they are and what they do and not that of someone else. In other words it's basically who you are and what you define yourself as being. The theme of identity is often expressed in books/novels or basically any other piece of literature so that the reader can intrigue themselves and relate to the characters and their emotions. It's useful in helping readers understand that a person's state of mind is full of arduous thoughts about who they are and what they want to be. People can try to modify their identity as much as they want but that can never change. The theme of identity is a very strenuous topic to understand but yet very interesting if understood. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki are two remarkable books that depict the identity theme. They both have to deal with people that have an identit y that they've tried to alter in order to become more at ease in the society they belong to. The families in these books are from a certain country from which they're forced to immigrate into the United States due to certain circumstances. This causes young people in the family trauma and they must try to sometimes change in order to maintain a comfortable life. Both authors: Alvarez and Houston have written their novels Is such an exemplifying matter that identity can be clearly depicted within characters as a way in adjusting to their new lives. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez is a tale of four girls who are forced to leave their country, Dominican Republic. This occurred because their father got into police problems ... ... true American and she has neglected who she really was. Jeanne is a different person but as she grew and became more mature through her experiences she realizes that she can't transform her identity no matter how hard she tried. The theme of identity was clearly stated in How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki. In both novels families are forced to emigrate from their homeland as an act of protection. As the main characters try to adjust themselves into their new surroundings they undergo extreme pressure into trying to remain comfortable and stable in such a way that their identity (who they are) changes. But once they go back to their homeland and these characteristics are soon acknowledged by them and they then realize that you can't change who you are and your identity well always remain the same.

Whirligigs by Paul Fleischman :: essays research papers

Whirligigs by Paul Fleischman After getting humiliated at a party, Brent drives away drunk and decides to kill himself. Letting go of the wheel on the highway, he ends up killing someone else. He killed a girl named Lea. Her mom asks Brent to put up 4 whirligigs, one in each corner of the US. Since they were Lea’s favorite toys, they’re meant to be monuments representing Lea’s ability to make people happy. With wood, sum tools, a book on whirligigs, and a bus pass, Brent leaves on his trip to build the whirligigs. In each of the 4 states, someone sees’ one of the whirligigs and learns a lesson. After seeing the whirligig in Florida, a young Puerto Rican dad learns an important lesson. It’s that people in a group can make good music or bad music. A young girl and her dying grandmother get a lot closer after seeing the whirligig in San Diego, California. In Washington, an adopted kid finds out that his life isn’t that bad after all. And lastly, a girl and her best friend are reunited in Maine. The biggest lessons learned are the ones that Brent learns on his trip to the four spots. All kinds of people contribute to Brent’s change of attitude; one comment or story or facial expression at a time. Not only does he help himself, but also several people that he meets. Some of the conflicts were the times when the kid was throwing rocks at his first whirligig, and when he left his whirligig book on the bus. Each conflict leads to a good ending though. The kid that was throwing rocks at it somehow gained a respect for the whirligig, after his mom told him off. Brent figured that the whirligig had helped him this far and now it was time for the book to help inspire someone else. So the whirligigs turned into a far bigger influence than anyone else could imagine. The rising action of the story was when he would find friends and they would help him to realize certain things about himself. The biker that he met helped him get started on stars. One of the maids that he met on his trip had shown him kindness and through this, she taught him that u can always have a fresh start or second chance at life as long as you try hard enough. And the artist that he met at the ocean helped him learn that u shouldn’t always judge a book by its cover, there might be more to someone than you think.

Employee Relationship Management

Employee Relationship Management Assignment – 1 Trade Union In Jharkhand Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union – JKMU Submitted by P. Lokeshwari S. Shahana Devi Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union In July  JKMU  organised a union of 220 contract workers in a newly established private steel factory owned by Electro Steel Casting Ltd. 40 kms from Bokaro. All 500 workers employed in the plant are local workers. 100 workers’ services were terminated for participating in union formation activities. JKMU  organised a dharna and blockades with the help of local villagers and forced management to reinstate all workers.The Deputy Labour Commissioner also put pressure on management to take back the workers or else the factory license would be cancelled. The newly formed union held meetings with the  ALC  on 2nd & 10th July and submitted demand notice to management. In April-May in Bokaro Power Supply Co. Pvt. Ltd. (a joint venture between  SAIL  and  DVC)   JKMU  has a union of 500 contract workers. There are multiple unions in the plant, but the  JKMU  union members in the helper category who had been struggling for a year for implementation of minimum wages and other benefits finally boycotted payment for 10 days.The action ended with implementation of their demands by the contractor and payment of minimum wages was done in the presence of management and union representatives. The Jharkhand Krantikaari Mazdoor Union (JKMU) has been struggling for many years demanding permanent status for all workers on contract in perennial jobs in the Bokaro Steel Plant. The  JKMU  has been made a member of the Jharkhand State Contract Labour Advisory Board and the Jharkhand State Engineering Industries Wage Board. This is a rare incident as it is usually accepted that only central trade unions are made members of such state level boards.More than 90% of contract workers in the power sector are today members of  JKMU. Recent Struggles : 1. In Bokaro steel plant, contract and casual workers are not given quarters and had been living in slums. High Court has now given orders for encroachment, which would then lead to the demolition of these structures. SP and other district officials were gheraoed by workers. JKMU  had given a strike notice in 16-17 May 2011. Meetings were held everywhere and contract workers were mobilised in huge numbers. An application was also submitted simultaneously to the Regional Labour Commissioner (RLC) for rehabilitation of these workers.RLC  asked for quarters to be built and management finally accepted the demands for building permanent structures. 2. In July 2009  JKMU  organised a union of 220 contract workers in a newly established private steel factory owned by Electro Steel Casting Ltd. In this unit 100 workers were terminated for participating in union activities. JKMU  organised a dharna and several blockades with the help of local villagers and forced the management to reinstate all workers. The union could also force the Deputy Labour Commissioner exercise his power on the management to reinstate the workers with the threat to cancel the factory license.

Impact Of Green Architecture On Lebanon Environmental Sciences Essay

Since the Industrial Revolution, the universe has witnessed incalculable technological accomplishments, population growing, and matching additions in resource usage. As we enter a new century, we are acknowledging the â€Å" side effects † of our activities: pollution, landfills at capacity, toxic waste, planetary heating, resource and ozone depletion, and deforestation. These attempts are striving the bounds of the Earth ‘s â€Å" transporting capacity † -its ability to supply the resources required to prolong life while retaining the capacity to renew and stay feasible. As the universe ‘s population continues to spread out, execution of resource-efficient steps in all countries of human activity is imperative. The reinforced environment is one clear illustration of the impact of human activity on resources. Buildings have a important impact on the environment, accounting for one-sixth of the universe ‘s fresh water backdowns, one-fourth of its wood crop, and two-fifths of its stuff and energy flows. Structures besides impact countries beyond their immediate location, impacting the water partings, air quality, and transit forms of communities. That acknowledgment is taking to alterations in the manner the edifice industry and edifice proprietors approach the design, building, and operation of constructions. With the leading of diverse groups in the public and private sectors, the edifice industry is traveling toward a new value in its work: that of environmental public presentation. The industry ‘s turning sustainability moral principle is based on the rules of resource efficiency, wellness, and productiveness. Realization of these rules involves an integrated, multidisciplinary approach-one in which a edifice undertaking and its constituents are viewed on a full life-cycle footing. This â€Å" cradle-to-cradle † attack, known as â€Å" green † or â€Å" sustainable † edifice, considers a edifice ‘s entire economic and environmental impact and public presentation, from material extraction and merchandise industry to merchandise transit edifice design and building, operations and care, and edifice reuse or disposal. Ultimately, acceptance of sustainable edifice patterns will take to a displacement in the edifice industry, with sustainability exhaustively embedded in its pattern, merchandises, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. Understanding the particulars of sustainable edifice and finding effectual sustainable patterns can be confounding. Local authoritiess and private industry frequently do non hold the resources to execute the necessary research to assemble information on sustainable patterns, presuming such information is readily available. This thesis, by its parts, presents a full vision about green architecture, green edifices, and the chance to use this architecture in Lebanon. In Addition, it includes a full conceptual design for a proposed undertaking related to such architecture. In a brief presentation, the parts of the thesis are:Part 1: Green ArchitectureThis subdivision over viewaˆÂ ¦Part 2: Lebanon and Green ArchitectureLebanon and Green Architecture outlines the relation between Green Architecture and LebanonaˆÂ ¦Part 3: Lebanese Green Building CouncilThis is a subdivision which gives a full thought about the Lebanese Green Building CouncilaˆÂ ¦Part 4: Similar Projects & A ; Area ‘s AnalysisThis subdivision containsaˆÂ ¦Part 5: Site AnalysissSite Analyses chapters provide elaborate information on the proposed siteaˆÂ ¦Part 6: LGBC HeadquarterA subdivision which contains a full conceptual plansaˆÂ ¦Part 1: Green Architecture / Green BuildingsDefinitionSustainable development is the challenge of run intoing turning human demands for natural resources, industrial merchandises, energy, nutrient, transit, shelter, and effectual waste direction while conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural resource b ase indispensable for future life and development. This construct recognizes that run intoing long-run human demands will be impossible unless we besides conserve the Earth ‘s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems. Sustainable development constructs, applied to the design, building, and operation of edifices, can heighten both the economic wellbeing and environmental wellness of communities around the universe. The Union Internationale des Architects/American Institute of Architects ( UIA/AIA ) World Congress of Architects recognized that in its 1993 Declaration of Interdependence, which acknowledges that edifices and the built environment drama a major function in the human impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. If sustainable design rules are incorporated into edifice undertakings, benefits can include resource and energy efficiency, healthy edifices and stuffs, ecologically and socially sensitive land usage, transit efficiency, and strengthened local economic systems and communities. Embracing sustainability constructs, the ends aim to cut down energy, operation, and care costs ; cut down building-related unwellnesss ; increase the productiveness and comfort of edifice residents ; cut down waste and pollution ; and increase edifice and constituent lastingness and flexibleness. In the developed states, public and private leaders have realized the economic and environmental benefits of green edifice patterns and are establishing policies, developing edifice guidelines, and fabrication merchandises and systems that will accomplish sustainable development ends.Green edifices historyHistorical BuildingsHarmonizing to David Gissen, conservator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London ‘s Crystal Palace and Milan ‘s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the construction on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and belowground air chilling Chamberss were used to modulate indoor air temperature. In the early 20th century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New York Times Building in New York utilised deep-set Windowss and the Carson Pirie Scott section shop in Chicago had retractable sunshades. Both of these techniques were effectual in commanding interior temperature while lessoning the edifices ‘ impact on the environment. From the 1930 ‘s through the 1960 ‘s, the forward believing chilling methods mentioned above gave manner to some new edifice engineerings that would alter inner-city edifice building dramatically. The innovation of air conditioning, brooding glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel edifices that litter the American metropolis today. These edifices were able to be heated and cooled with monolithic HVAC systems that consumed immense sums of cheap and readily available fossil fuels. The monolithic ingestion of energy required to populate these edifices made their viability tenable and wholly dependent upon energy handiness and cost.The InfancyAround the clip that the â€Å" glass box † manner high rise had become the icon of the American metropolis ( circa 1970 ) , a frontward believing group of designers, conservationists, and ecologists were inspired by the turning environmental motion and the higher fuel costs that were prevailing during the 1970s. The generation of these two scenarios finally resulted in the modern physique green motion. The first Earth Day, celebrated in April 1970, gave some acceptance to this new edifice construct, but the OPEC oil trade stoppage of 1973 gave the burgeoning environmental motion, and later the green physique attempt, the kick start it needed. With gas lines stretching for blocks, some Americans began to oppugn the conventional wisdom that we should be so independently reliant upon fossil fuels for our energy. As a consequence of the oil trade stoppage, amongst other energy concerns, the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ) formed a Committee on Energy that was broken into two cantonments. â€Å" One group looked toward inactive, such as brooding roofing stuffs and environmentally good posing of edifices, to accomplish energy nest eggs, while the other concentrated more on technological solutions, such as the usage of triple-glazed Windowss. † As energy concerns subsided, impulse for green edifice and the environment, in general, slowed down, but a dedicated core-group of designers continued to force their green edifice construct frontward. A twosome of noteworthy edifices constructed during the 1970ss which utilised constructs of green design are: The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in England, which utilized a grass roof, day-lighted atrium, and mirrored Windowss ; the Gregory Bateson Building in California, which used energy-sensitive photovoltaic ( solar cells ) , under-floor stone shop chilling systems, and country clime control devices. Through the late 1970ss, throughout the 1880ss, and into the early 1890ss, much research was commissioned on energy efficient procedures. This research resulted in more effectual solar panels, prefabricated efficient wall systems, H2O renewals systems, modular building units, and direct use of visible radiation through Windowss in order to diminish day-time energy ingestion.Green OrganizationsGreen consequence on edifices & A ; metropolissEnergy EfficiencyApproximately 50 per centum of the energy usage in edifices is devoted to bring forthing an unreal indoor clime through warming, chilling, airing, and illuming. A typical edifice ‘s energy measure constitutes about 25 per centum of the edifice ‘s entire operating costs. Estimates indicate that climate-sensitive design utilizing available engineerings could cut warming and chilling energy ingestion by 60 per centum and illuming energy demands by at least 50 per centum in U.S. edifices.Water EfficiencyWater preservation an d efficiency plans have begun to take to significant lessenings in the usage of H2O within edifices. Water-efficient contraptions and fixtures, behavioural alterations, and alterations in irrigation methods can cut down ingestion by up to 30 per centum or more. As demand on H2O additions with urban growing, the economic impact of H2O preservation and efficiency will increase proportionally. Water efficiency non merely can take to significant H2O nest eggs, it besides can cut down the demand for enlargement of H2O intervention installations. Non-residential H2O clients account for a little per centum of the entire figure of H2O clients, but use about 35 per centum or more of the entire H2O.Waste DecreaseGreen architecture besides seeks to cut down waste of energy, H2O and stuffs used during building. For illustration, in California about 60 % of the province ‘s waste comes from commercial edifices. During the building stage, one end should be to cut down the sum of stuff traveling to landfills. Well-designed edifices besides help cut down the sum of waste generated by the residents as good, by supplying on-site solutions such as compost bins to cut down affair traveling to landfills. To cut down the impact on Wellss or H2O intervention workss, several options exist. â€Å" Greywater † , effluent from beginnings such as dishwashing or rinsing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable intents, e.g. , to blush lavatories and wash autos. Rainwater aggregators are used for similar intents. Centralized effluent intervention systems can be dearly-won and utilize a batch of energy. An alternate to this procedure is change overing waste and effluent into fertiliser, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By roll uping human waste at the beginning and running it to a semi-centralized biogas works with other biological waste, liquid fertiliser can be produced. This construct was demonstrated by a colony in Lubeck Germany in the late ninetiess. Practices like these supply dirt with organic foods and make C sinks that remove C dioxide from the ambiance, countervailing nursery gas emanation. Producing unreal fertiliser is besides more dearly-won in energy than this procedure.Construction Cost ReductionApplication of green constructing constructs can give for nest eggs during the building procedure. Measures that are comparatively easy to implement can ensue in nest eggs to the contractor in the undermentioned countries: Lower energy costs, by supervising use, put ining energy-efficient lamps and fixtures, and utilizing tenancy detectors to command lighting fixtures ; Lower H2O costs, by supervising ingestion and recycling storm H2O and/or building effluent where possible ; Lower site-clearing costs, by minimising site break and motion of Earth and installing of unreal systems ; Lower landfill dumping fees and associated trucking charges, through reuse and recycling of building and destruction dust ; Lower stuffs costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and stuffs ; Possible net incomes from gross revenues of reclaimable points removed during edifice destruction ; and Fewer employee wellness jobs ensuing from hapless indoor air quality. This listing suggests some possible countries for cost nest eggs ; the undertaking squad can place other possibilities through a concerted and incorporate squad attack. The contractor can besides better dealingss with the community and edifice proprietor by sing them as portion of the squad attempt to implement environmentally sound building steps.Building Operation and MaintenanceThe green edifice steps discussed in this manual can take non merely to take down edifice operating disbursals through reduced public-service corporation and waste disposal costs, but besides to lower on-going edifice care costs, runing from wages to supplies. For illustration, in many edifices, care staff collects recycled stuffs on each floor – or even at every employee ‘s desk – and transport the stuffs down to the cellar for manus screening. Recycling chutes, a feasible green option, let direct discarding of stuffs from any floor in the edifice to the cellar. The chute system, which ideally is installed during initial building or redevelopment, can screen stuffs automatically, salvaging labour costs by extinguishing the demand to roll up, conveyance, and kind recyclables. Other nest eggs come in the signifier of lower waste trucking fees ; reduced workers ‘ compensation insurance premiums due to take down claims for accidents from crisp glass and tins ; reduced lift care ; less frequent cleansing of spills on rugs and floors ; and less demand for pest control. Environmentally friendly housework merchandises can besides hold fiscal advantages. For illustration, cleaning merchandises that are purchased as dressed ores and utilize minimum packaging non merely advance waste decrease, but besides can cut down merchandise use by 30 to 60 per centum with dispensers that more accurately step and thin the cleansing merchandises for optimal effectivity. Building proprietors need to see the edifice director and staff as critical participants in environmentally sound and cost-efficient operations. Building directors, charged with the efficient operation and care of multi-million-dollar assets, have experience in all countries of operations and care over the life of a edifice. Once a edifice is operational, preparation of direction and care staff – including instruction on effectual green constructing steps such as constructing energy direction systems, new cleansing merchandises, and new edifice codifications and criterions – can assist them to keep the edifice in a resource-efficient and economically favourable mode.Insurance and LiabilityThe past decennaries ‘ conventional office design, building, and operational patterns have decreased the quality of the indoor office environment, ensuing in new wellness concerns and associated economic costs and liability. The debut of a battalion of new contaminant pollution b eginnings into the workplace, combined with tighter edifice building, has intensified air-quality jobs. For illustration, hapless indoor air quality can ensue from such factors as defective air-conditioning systems, occupant related pollutants, building stuffs that emit high degrees of volatile organic compounds, and hapless care patterns. The U.S. EPA ranks indoor air pollution among the top five environmental hazards to public wellness. Unhealthy indoor air is found in up to 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices. Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) and Building Related Illness ( BRI ) have become more common in the workplace, increasing edifice proprietor and employer costs due to sickness, absenteeism, and increased liability claims. It has been estimated that SBS and BRI cost approximately $ 60 billion each twelvemonth in medical disbursals and lost worker productiveness in the United States. Legal actions related to Sick Building Syndrome and other building-related jobs have increased. These actions against edifice interior decorators, proprietors, or employers may be initiated by residents who have short- or long-run jobs, runing from concerns and firing eyes to more serious complaints. Initial economic impact may come in the signifiers of higher wellness insurance premiums, increased workers ‘ compensation claims, and reduced productiveness. Expensive redress undertakings and environmental killings may follow, and edifice proprietors may seek to retrieve losingss from the original undertaking contractors and designers through judicial proceeding. By guaranting better indoor air quality, edifice proprietors, employers, and design professionals can take down their hazard of future judicial proceeding by constructing residents. Professional liability insurance companies have indicated a willingness to offer design professionals lower insurance premiums for higher operating-procedure criterions that lead to improved indoor air quality. Some national architectural houses are trying to rate edifice merchandises harmonizing to the degrees of volatile organic compounds they emit after installing, and to educate edifice proprietors and directors about healthier merchandise picks.Occupant Health and ProductivityThe intent of a edifice is non merely to supply shelter for its residents, but besides to supply an environment conducive to high public presentation of all intended resident activities. Recent surveies have shown that edifices with good overall environmental quality, including effectual airing, natural or proper degrees of ligh ting, indoor air quality, and good acoustics, can increase worker productiveness by six to 16 per centum. An organisation ‘s most important fiscal committedness is normally to its employees. Many employers spend at least every bit much on salary-related outgos as they do on building an full company edifice. In many organisations, wages and associated benefits consume the bulk of the one-year operating budget. For illustration ; based on the sample computations in Figure 2, a typical employer could pass $ 233 per square pes yearly for an employee. Building building costs by and large fall below this degree, frequently by 50 per centum. In add-on, one-year employee salary-related outgos, utilizing the Numberss in Figure 2, are about 130 times greater than energy costs. A productivity addition of six per centum equates to nest eggs to the employer of $ 14 per square pes – eight times the cost of the edifice ‘s one-year energy measure. Given this information, an employer can make up one's mind to maximise the public presentation and efficiency of forces resources through appraisal of, and betterment to, the indoor environmental quality of its edifice. The undermentioned history of a recent redevelopment undertaking illustrates this attack. Both edifice proprietors and edifice tenant/employers can profit in other ways by bettering indoor environmental quality. For proprietors, these betterments can ensue in higher belongings values, longer tenant tenancy and rental reclamations, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, extended equipment life, and good promotion. For renters, benefits include reduced absenteeism and better employee morale, reduced insurance and operating costs, reduced liability hazards, and community acknowledgment. If the edifice proprietor is besides the employer, an organisation can countervail initial building design and systems costs with the decrease of long-run organisational and operational disbursals over the edifice ‘s life rhythm.Constructing ValueGreen edifices ‘ high efficiency and public presentation can ensue in higher belongings values and potentially lower loaners ‘ recognition hazard. Lower operating costs associated with more efficient syste ms can take to higher constructing net income. In add-on to increasing a edifice ‘s cyberspace runing income or value, green edifice steps may let edifice proprietors to bear down higher rents or accomplish higher rates of edifice tenancy, if renters view green belongingss as more desirable. Presently, voluntary edifice evaluation plans are under development for commercial edifices in the United States. As these plans are introduced into the market place and derive the credence of edifice proprietors and renters, they could impact the value of belongingss. Prospective renters will be able to rate edifices based on such mensurable characteristics as natural daytime, better indoor air quality, and lower energy, H2O, and waste costs. If adequate edifices are rated for environmental public presentation, those that perform better will get down to recognize market advantages.Local Economic Development OpportunitiesPromotion and execution of green edifice patterns within a community can bring forth new economic development chances . These chances can take a assortment of signifiers, including new concern development to run into the demand for green merchandises and services ; resource-efficiency betterment plans that enable bing concerns to take down operating costs ; development of environmentally oriented concern territories ; and occupation preparation related to new green concerns and merchandises.Appliance & A ; Ways of usingAppliancesChoosing environmentally and economically balanced edifice stuffs. Buildings significantly alter the environment. Harmonizing to Worldwatch Institute1, constructing building consumes 40 per centum of the natural rock, crushed rock, and sand used globally each twelvemonth, and 25 per centum of the virgin wood. Buildings besides account for 40 per centum of the energy and 16 per centum of the H2O used yearly world-wide. In the United States, approximately every bit much building and destruction waste is produced as municipal refuse. Finally, unhealthy indoor air is found in 30 per centum of new and renovated edifices worldwide. Negative environmental impacts flow from these activities. For illustration, natural stuffs extraction can take to resource depletion and biological diverseness losingss. Building stuffs industry and conveyance consumes energy, which generates emanations linked to planetary heating and acerb rain. Landfill jobs, such as leaching of heavy metals, may originate from waste coevals. All these activities can take to air and H2O pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may do increased morbidity and mortality. Choosing environmentally preferred edifice stuffs is one manner to better a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation. To be practical, nevertheless, environmental public presentation must be balanced against economic public presentation. Even the most environmentally witting constructing interior decorator or edifice stuffs maker will finally desire to weigh environmental benefits against economic costs. They want to place edifice stuffs that improve environmental public presentation with small or no addition in cost. The edifice community is doing determinations today that have environmental and economic effects. Its determinations are plagued by uncomplete and unsure informations every bit good as the deficiency of a standardised methodological analysis for measuring the information. The NIST/EPA squad seeks to back up these determinations by garnering environmental and economic public presentation informations and by structuring and computerising the decision-making procedure. The ensuing BEES tool will be publically available over the Internet. In the mean while, the USGBC has published a list of stuffs – certified from LEED – incorporating several green stuffs including: flooring, interior building, pigments & A ; movie, cloths, curtains, tack surfaces, ceiling systems, illuming, contraptions, millwork, furniture and plumping fixtures.Education of green architectureSince 1993, UIA released the â€Å" Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future † proposing that the architectural profession should seek â€Å" to accomplish ecological sustainability within the limited clip that is likely to be available † . And it ‘s been 14 old ages after the release of UIA / UNESCO â€Å" Charter For Architectural Education † that registries among educational ends â€Å" an ecologically balanced and sustainable development of the built environment † . Since so, many architecture schools have introduced or upgraded classs on proficient facets of sustainability, like â€Å" Energy Conscious Design † , â€Å" Sustainable Architecture † , â€Å" Beyond Green † or â€Å" Bioclimatic Architecture † and others more. The integrating of sustainability in design schools up to now has been reviewed by several studies. Most of them portion two decisions: – foremost, that non many schools have embraced the topic in a thorough mode, indicating at ‘the low degree at which sustainable design constructs have been incorporated into the regular course of study † and detecting that â€Å" environmental instruction in architecture has been done on an ad-hoc footing, aˆÂ ¦fragmented and deficient † ; – second, that sustainable design requires learning methods rather different than the long-established 1s. Environmental crisis and its foreseeable effects are still a fringy issue in the academic discourse at schools purportedly covering with the environment, possibly because crises are non an attractive topic in our ‘feel-good ‘ epoch. As a consequence, those who will hold to undertake the looming crisis in the close hereafter are non adequately prepared. Still, the demand to implement sustainable design is widely recognized by the educational community, at least in rule. A revealing illustration is a study among architectural pedagogues in more than 30 European states in 2001, where â€Å" about 90 % of the respondents are voting for a instead dramatic displacement from a presently instead low to a high consideration of ‘Sustainable Development ‘ in future architectural instruction † . Harmonizing to the study, â€Å" merely 19 % of those said that this construct is presently having a very/quite high degree of consideration, and 83 % said it should have a very/quite high degree of consideration in architectural instruction † , placing as an â€Å" facet of taking importance † the â€Å" integrating of sustainability-issues into all studio design † . In malice of such consensus, there is still a long route until sustainable design is steadfastly rooted in architectural acquisition. There are a figure of grounds for this, within and outside the academic margin:Academic obstructions_____________________In most schools that show environmental concern, related issues are normally confined in elected categories, detached from design studios. This creates a ‘fringe ‘ repute for sustainability, eschewing its rules from the chief design undertakings to the fringe of architectural acquisition. As a consequence, no practical experience is gained in how to present sustainable qualities in the ‘core ‘ design docket.______________________In many instances the accent is on quantitative instead than qualitative affairs. As a consequence figure crunching eclipses design, and pupils tend to tie in sustainable concerns with numerical public presentation merely, detached from issues like comfort, resources, or social moralss . In that mode, sustainability-related classs are considered similar to those on proficient Fieldss like structural or mechanical design, but non ‘real ‘ architecture.______________________Sustainable design is a instead recent subject, non really familiar to the old guard that administers schools. Most coachs have had limited or even nonexistent preparation in their yesteryear, and practical experience is even more rare. Consequently, â€Å" a deficiency of importance placed on sustainable design by many architectural pedagogues † is no surprise. As a consequence, it is hard to present ‘obscure ‘ , ‘uninteresting ‘ or ‘useless ‘ new subjects to the course of study, particularly in position of the fact that sustainable design challenges the preponderantly artistic stance of architecture.___________________Sustainable design is a complex architectural attack, embracing diverse Fieldss of cognition and necessitating multi-discipli ne teamwork. Therefore its instruction can non suit with the conventional additive attack where different proficient accomplishments are segregated in different sections, with rare chances to convey them all together through joint undertakings in a holistic mode. Furthermore, â€Å" sustainable architecture is a complex topic that should be covered throughout the course of study † , non merely in sporadic undertakings.____________________Furthermore, design undertakings are often detached from earthly world as if they refer to a infinite station, barely interrelated with nature or society. Social moralss or environmental consciousness are non embedded in the docket, restricting preparation in simply proficient accomplishments with major focal point on the aesthetic. â€Å" An architectural pupil all of a sudden transported to many of our architecture schools from 1900 Paris would experience right at place † ._____________________Environmental crisis is repeatedly under the spotlight of the media but, unusually, it is rarely included in the academic discourse. There is small systematic consciousness of the relationship of edifice and urban design with critical environmental issues like energy & A ; H2O deficits, air & A ; land pollution, urban heat island & A ; ecological footmark, or resources depletion. And surely such subjects are non included in undertaking Jockey shortss or ordinary pupil work._______________________Furthermore, there is deficient auxiliary input through proficient categories like constructing natural philosophies or environmental engineering that could back up sustainable design undertakings. When pupils do non understand the dynamic linkage between constructions, environmental conditions and users, it is non easy to distinguish, state, between â€Å" edifice in the landscape † and â€Å" edifice in interaction with the landscape † .Outside the schoolroomThe debut of sustainability in architecture schools encou nters farther troubles stemming from the outer side of the academic walls:____________________Sustainable design has yet to happen a clear individuality: – Is it a edifice technique, a blend of architecture and technology that can be applied on any architectural assortment merely like, say, fire safety or seismal proofing? – Is it merely one more architectural manner, possibly with excess consideration to the environment than the remainder, with its ain stylistic hallmarks like solar aggregators, conservatories, or green labels? – Beaver state is it a fresh design mentality, where nature & A ; society, today & A ; tomorrow are equal spouses in the design model?_____________________The sustainable design household includes fluctuations like ‘energy witting ‘ , ‘bioclimatic ‘ , ‘solar ‘ , ‘ecological ‘ , or ‘green ‘ , any of which could be applied in a non-sustainable mode. For case, an energy-saving strategy could use non-ecological stuffs ; bioclimatic skyscrapers use more resources than low rise, and the sustainability of a immense ‘green ‘ sign of the zodiac with merely two residents is questionable. It is clear that sustainable design in full graduated table is a complex enterprise that requires a holistic watchfulness on a wide array of topics, proficient every bit much as societal: â€Å" Although there is much involvement and wonder about the topic, no 1 would state it ‘s easy to larn or use in pattern † .______ ________________The architectural ‘haut couture ‘ of our epoch markets themes instead far from sustainability. As a consequence prudence and ‘I?I µI„I?I?I? ‘ ( metron = Greek for step ) are ostracized from the chief architectural values. Given that architecture is ever learned by illustration, many pupils – and many adults excessively – ringer the glamourous paradigms of the expansive maitres, endeavoring for ocular originality and manner above all. The calendered architectural imperativeness barely advertises the non-sustainable characteristics of the expansive works because that would botch the ware. Therefore attending is frequently focused on 2D thoughts instead than 3D infinite or 4D affairs, and hollow feelings count more than the stuff and social facets of the built environment. As manner outshines matter and clip, sustainability is a looser.__________________Students are the last to fault for that ; given the prevailing aesthetic values, there are non excessively many sustainable illustrations exciting adequate to animate pupils. On the contrary, a frequent claim is that sustainable edifices are per se unattractive, as if all other types of architecture have merely good illustrations to demo.___________________Another repeated averment is that â€Å" environmental edifices cost more † . Here, the cost comparison footing is instead obscure, ignoring the differentiation between constructing – and running – cost, or the fact that â€Å" seeking to shoot sustainable standards subsequently, alternatively of earlier, in the design procedure is the cause of any added disbursal † . Even when the ‘extra cost ‘ is true, it is besides true that clients are frequently ready to pay more for cosmetic elements but non for, say, a more efficient boiler.The societal contextSustainable design is non an architectural exercising ; it refers to the built environment and therefore it can n on boom without societal indorsement. Architecture has ever been repeating the dominant social values and forces, so the inquiry is whether today there is room for alteration: â€Å" To transform this activity from a alone one of counter-cultural rebellion into one of mainstream pattern requires merely a critical mass of people who take it for granted as the footing for technical/cultural virtue † . There are some marks that allow optimism, but the overall societal tendencies look instead black for a sustainable design flowering:_________________In our epoch of â€Å" consumo ergo amount † , sustainable design sounds out of melody as euphoric consumerism inhibits motive for restraint. Clients demanding glistening energy-guzzlers are more influential than those inquiring for reasonable designs. Which school can develop its professionals for the hereafter while society looks the other manner?_____________________About a century ago, Modernist thought was attesting extrem ist proposals, integrating both proficient and societal issues along with a distinguishable aesthetic idiom. Today, as ‘internationalism ‘ has been replaced by ‘globalization ‘ and ‘citizens ‘ by ‘consumers ‘ , most merchandises in the post-Modernist supermarket have short expire day of the months. Many current architectural theoretical accounts rest between show concern and practical world, and there is a deficit of real-life proposals offering an inspiring mentality for a future society and its architectural linguistic communication. Sustainability does hold the necessary ingredients and principle to go the footing of such thoughts, but it is still missing a plausible broadcast -and an watchful audience.___________________The apathy for the hereafter and the animadversion of sustainable proposals can possibly be explained: Alarming tendencies are all excessively apparent as jobs are swept under the ‘panem et circenses ‘ r ug. The intensifying bad intelligence about the environmental jeopardies, triggered by human activities, lead to the denial of facts and the replacing of painful pragmatism by baseless optimism. Cipher likes Cassandras, and sustainable architecture is associated with their warnings.______________________The human impact on the environment is relative to population size, ingestion per capita, and resources or waste per ingestion unit ; therefore these three factors should be reduced if we are to accomplish a sustainable balance between nature and us. So far, we focus chiefly on the 3rd one -and that with fringy success. Decreasing the other two implies rough steps that cipher truly likes to confront. Again, sustainable propositions are straitening arrows to a acrimonious mentality.Antagonizing lassitudeSo, even if architecture schools manage to short-circuit their obstructions and embed sustainability steadfastly in the course of study, and even if sustainable design overcomes its ai n failings, there is still the critical checkpoint of societal credence. ‘Green ‘ designers need ‘green ‘ clients, otherwise their accomplishments are useless. Peoples brainwashed to devour more can non appreciate an architecture that requires less and wastes less albeit offering more. Equally long as show concern is a powerful political tool used to beef up today ‘s position quo, it will be hard for sustainable design to be more effectual in its existent consequences than, state, ‘Live Aid ‘ or ‘Make Poverty History ‘ runs. It is true that people do alter their position about the necessity of sustainability, although it is unsure to what extent they are ready to accept the effects and modify their manner of life consequently. But the gait of that alteration might be excessively slow compared with that of the environmental crisis, and cipher knows whether the dislocation will come easy like a long unwellness, or all of a sudden like a shot, without adequate clip to respond swimmingly. Therefore it is non plenty merely to present sustainable design classs at universities, or to heighten the public presentation of sustainable edifices. Alongside those pressing demands, it is every bit imperative to edify the populace about the virtues of sustainability and the hazards of ‘architecture as usual ‘ . Architects are the 1s who shape up the phase of our corporate and private lives ; hence they have the responsibility to make that with societal duty every bit much as regard to our cherished biotope -planet Earth.DecisionSustainability is a turning necessity that has to impact a broad scope of our societal precedences and aims, get downing with the credence of facts and, following, by recognizing that it is chiefly a socio-political instead than a proficient subject necessitating an earnest alteration of mentality. In that regard, sustainable architecture is non one more manner, a technique to salvage money, or a manner to decrease our ecological compunction. It is no less than an desperately needed response to semisynthetic environ-mental menaces. So far it has been hard to modify the architectural course of study efficaciously due to academic inactiveness, but schools have to admit forthcoming worlds in order to set learning topics and methods, and to transfuse sustainable spirit in the design attitude of future designers. This is a difficult undertaking as the mercenary dependence supports turning in our society, but is at that place another manner? Or we honestly believe that after a coevals we will still be constructing like today?Green UndertakingsA sustainable edifice, or green edifice is an result of a design doctrine which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource usage – energy, H2O, and stuffs – while cut downing constructing impacts on human wellness and the environment during the edifice ‘s lifecycle, through better posing, design, building, operation, care, and remotion.The Future of Green BuildingsTo many in the edifice industry, investing in green edifice patterns may be a spring of religion. Further research and successful illustrations of sustainable edifice will progress this developing engineering and supply direct cogent evidence of its economic and health-related benefits, promoting its greater acceptance. More research is needed in life-cycle cost analysi s over the full spectrum of edifice fiction, ownership, operation, and reuse/disposal. As the information become more widespread and the impacts – including external costs associated with pollution, waste, and environmental-resource ingestion – of conventional patterns become better known, green edifice patterns will go more widespread. The green edifice motion has started to derive impulse. Each twelvemonth yields extra presentation undertakings ; tonss of new efficient and healthy engineerings ; and expanded research, criterions, codifications, and ordinances. This includes evaluation systems to measure a edifice ‘s environmental public presentation, enfranchisement plans for green edifice merchandises, and the acceptance of green edifice criterions and patterns by recognized standard-setting organisations. The handiness of progressively sophisticated computing machine package plans besides fosters the growing of green edifice patterns by doing it easier to place and measure options for a edifice undertaking. Other new tendencies and emerging constructs impacting the edifice industry include performance-based contracts, remanufacturing and merchandise leasing, teleworking and â€Å" practical offices, † and attempts to extenuate natural-disaster losingss through improved edifice patterns.Green Buildin gs in LebanonCharles Hostler Student Center by VJAATwo Residential Undertakings by Arch. Atef TabetAAtef Tabet & A ; Associates Beirut-Lebanon merely completed the design and building of two separate big houses, 950 sq. metres each. Both houses are built on big sites around 12,000 sq. metre located in rural cragged countries one in Mount Lebanon, and the other to the South of Lebanon next to Mount Haramoun. 1stHouse at Remine Design Methodology: The landscape and the architecture are intertwined intentionally as a cohesive, none dissociable entity, intermixing the interior of the house with its immediate out-of-doorss and the natural milieus. A regional and a sustainable architecture design attack with program layout to suit the client ‘s modern-day life manner. The combination of unsmooth / saw cut rock cladding â€Å" Eclate † , The slanted ruddy roof tiles, Zinc Ti curved signifiers combination stand foring a slang of a Mediterranean small town. The insulated exterior dual walls, clay/wood lofts, deep recessed dual glazed cedar wood Windowss and wooden treillages utilized in order to shadow and anneal the house interior environment, and prolong it comfortably with a dateless design signifier friendly to its immediate vicinity. 2ndHouse at Jawzat The Interior Architecture i.e. material choice, coatings, and colour spectrum or palettes, every bit good as the furniture pieces that has been designed by the office and produced locally, were carefully applied and placed in order to implement the countryside Mediterranean ambiance. The construct for both houses is to hold a sustainable timeless manner, harmonious with the natural milieus and its immediate environment.Lebanese Green OrganizationsMAJALMAJAL is an Academic Urban Observatory, advancing sustainable be aftering schemes in Lebanon. Part of Urban Planning Institute of ALBA – Academie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts, Balamand University, MAJAL was established in the aftermath of the extremely destructive July 2006 war, in order to supply a scientific monitoring of the Reconstruction procedure direction. Since so, it expanded its mission and is carry oning undertakings related to urban planning and sustainability in general. We have achieved 3 studies on Reconstruction and carried out many expertness missions for municipalities and assorted local and international organisations.Mission: AMAJAL ‘s work today consists in three types of activities: Monitoring set of indexs on building procedure and sustainable planning Technical support to determination shapers in the signifier of adept missions, confer withing services, preparation, or other specific undertakings in urban planning and development undertakings. Advocacy, lobbying and consciousness elevation in the Fieldss of good administration, and sustainable planning.Lebanese Green Building CouncilThe Lebanon Green Building Council ( LGBC ) is an NGO that provides stewardship towards a sustainable built environment. It promotes, spreads and helps implement high public presentation building constructs that are environmentally responsible, healthy and profitable. LGBC acts on market, educational, and legislative issues to accomplish its ends. The LGBC is officially accredited as an â€Å" Emerging council † with the World Green Building Council. The LGBC aims to go a prima non-profit organisation working to advance the sustainable edifice industry of an international degree.AIts members will strongly recommend sustainable edifices in the purpose of planing a built environment that allows future coevalss to profit from the natural resources that will be available to them. The purpose of the organisation is to supply a Lebanese enfranchisement system for edifices that adopt environmental parametric quantities and to transform the manner edifices and communities are designed into a comfortable environment that improves the quality of life.Mission: AThe LGBC shall endeavour: Identifying and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the design, planning, building and use of both new edifices and major redevelopment of bing edifices that achieve the end of sustainability. Populating infinites shall be created in an environmentally-friendly, resource-saving and economic manner that enhances the wellness and comfort of their users. Attesting the edifices that achieve the fixed evaluation degrees and run into the demands of a sustainable built environment. Identifying, inventing and advancing processs, methods and solutions for the planning, design, building, redevelopment, use, care and public presentation appraisal of edifices that aim to accomplish the end of sustainability as per the enfranchisement system set by the LGBC. Developing & A ; advancing industry criterions, educational plans and design patterns, aiming professionals related to environmentally responsible edifices, persons and squads, and at all stages. Conducting research and educational activities and prosecuting in buttonholing attempts to advance green edifice patterns and statute law. Inventing and advancing tips and suggestions for sustainable life styles that enhance the proper usage, and continuing the unity of green edifices and detering â€Å" green lavation † .