How Ethics Provides a Standard for the Recourses of Action in the Assignment

How Ethics Provides a Standard for the Recourses of Action in the World - Assignment Example In the era of the contemporary world, one cannot deny that globalization has been the dominating force in order to exert influence and control over other countries and groups of people. To a certain, the universality cause of globalization can gravely deform the concept of universal ethics. Kant purported that universal ethics is something that is generally agreed upon by people due to its principles being applicable to almost everyone (Gregor 1998, p. 47). If carefully scrutinize, the globalized condition of the 21st century indeed distorts the universal ethics due to an imposition of a certain standard to make it universal. Thus, it can detrimentally devalue the universality of ethical principles. To a certain extent, it can be analyzed that the universal ethics becomes an imposed universal ethics. Why is this possible? This happens due to cultural complications that come with globalization as a phenomenon. The ethical question that one must assess is that is it reasonable to impose new cultural conventions, ‘under the banner of one world, one culture’, to achieve the universality being aspired for (Steger 2003)? There are several issues that will definitely come here. Other people chose to comply with the standards imposed by globalization due to the benefits it can offer them as of the moment. However, it is costly given that one must give up certain conventions just to accommodate the latest trend in the world. The trend becomes a standard for universality in this case. Is this ethical? Yes, for globalized trends of the 21st century. However, for those countries that have so much primacy on their culture, how are they assured of them preserving their innate cultural values and attitudes, which can be considered universal and morally correct for them? Thus, it can be considered ethically wrong but due to the conditioning of the people’s mindset about what is acceptable and ethical, the incursion of globalized conventions deforms the universal ethics.  

Modified Fingernails †Symbols of Social Essay Example for Free

Modified Fingernails – Symbols of Social Essay Western society has not been traditionally attuned to see body adornment as a form of social status. Thus over the years people in the West attribute it to less developed societies which lay emphasis on rituals. Thus body modification was seen as an articulation of values which were essentially non western. (Krakow, 1994). However this does not seem to be the case any more as a greater number of people are willing to modify their bodies thus making body beautification acceptable thereby giving a person social as well as individual identity in a society. Body modification is thus seen as enabling a person to exemplify and attenuate him or her personality through alteration of natural color, shape, tone and tenor. By decoration such as nail painting, gloss and enhancement, a person can project himself in the manner he wants others to perceive. Thus a girl with long nails, fully adorned with polish is seen as one who is in tune with the social image of somebody who has arrived in society. As greater numbers of people are adopting this mode, nail or other forms of body adornment is becoming an expression of actual position held by a person in society. Thus through external embellishments a person is able to define herself to others. Increased acceptance of this practice is indicated by forms adopted in nail adornment such as gluing of plastic to increase the length of the nails so that bright colors, paints and sparklers can be applied to these. (Andersen. Taylor. 2005) The reason for extension of nails is quite obvious, this is to enhance visibility through added length of the body object which is otherwise quite innocuous. By making it longer, the same can be decorated and made more noticeable. But the process also needs specialized treatment, which can come about at a certain level of monetary standing indicating the link between wealth and length or adornment of nails. As societies become more complex, they tend to provide opportunities to people to define their status through adornment of the body. Nails are perfect symbols of such social embellishment. The first requirement of a well kept hand is absence of manual labor. Thus there is obvious connection between a person of high society and well kept hands which indicates social as well as wealth status of a person. This has been ancient tradition and has been carried forth in the modern World. (Peters. Lock, Eds, 1999) Since a large degree of artistry of the body is now made by instruments as lasers, surgical and other tools by experts this has become expensive. Thus body art studios and fingernail manicure specialists have established high end shops, where they are able to manipulate your nails to the desired shape, size and color. By being exclusive in nature, they establish a distinction of economic status. As society has evolved thus body art has assumed proportions of social as well as wealth standing. (Jeffreys, 2000). Over a period this distinction is also translated from overall to individual social status. Thus a person who has manicured, well kept finger nails is associated with wealth as well as standing through a process of exclusion. This exclusion works first monetarily in that as it is expensive those who cannot afford it are denied an opportunity of being in the same class. In the second stage it is seen to work socially as shapes, colors and contours are so distinctive that a person wearing a superior shade of nail polish is easily identified as one who can afford it and hence ipso facto assumes higher standing. Thus from abhorrence as practices which were aboriginal to adoption of body adornment as a form of celebration of ones arrival in high society, fingernail manipulation has assumed a social symbol even in Western society today. Vantoch (1999) explored this evolution of the new American female by denoting the large number of nail adornments of different colors and shapes present in a pre teen’s room. The girl was sporting what can be described as talons, two inches long finger nails. (Vantoch, 1999). The fingernail was converted into a symbol of expression of the persona just like any other accoutrement at a very early age in life. The refined development of the art of the make up in modern times is also responsible for such an evolution. Thus nails have been converted into objects of art and ornamentation by using these for nail jewelry, nail art, air brush design, sculpturing of nails as well as providing green glitter. This has also provided a common touch thereby enhancing a wider number of females in society to higher standing. (Vantoch, 1999). Most interestingly it denotes how society has evolved, from considering these as a possible aboriginal practice to be abhorred by the West, more and more people are using it to express their state of social as well as economic evolution. The utilitarian view of nails as symbol of health has been known over the ages and is seen to continue even to this day. Thus fingernails are many times the first to be seen by a doctor. (Anatomy, 2005). Yellow or green fingernails invariably indicate ill health, a bronchial disease or other conditions which are diagnosed by the family physician. When nail problems persisted, these also indicated that the person required sustained treatment. The ultimate in nail care which has emerged is a combination of health, fashion and social status. Manicure and the higher forms of nail care and manipulation seen in advanced societies today is seen as a symbol of the rich, as one who has arrived in society and also some body who maintains good health. How long will this trend persist remains to be seen, for there are many periods in human evolution wherein short nails were as popular as long. Reference: 1. Anatomy. (2005) Anatomy of a healthy fingernail. Accessed at http://www. cnn. com/HEALTH/library/WO/00020. htmlon 23 March 2007 2. Andersen, Margaret L. Taylor, Howard F. (2005). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont : Thomson. 3. Jeffreys, Sheila. ‘Body Art’ and Social Status: Cutting, Tattooing and Piercing from a Feminist Perspective. Feminism Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 4, 409-429 (2000) 4. Krakow, A. (1994) The Total Tattoo Book , New York : Warner Books. 5. Peters, Charles, R. Lock, Andrew. (1999). Handbook of Human Symbolic Evolution. Oxford : Blackwell. 6. Vantoch, Vicki. (1999). Fingernail Fashion Choices. The Washington Post. December 28, 1999. Accessed at http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/style/feed/a41653-1999dec28. htm on 23 March 2007.

Shakespeare And Duffy Explore Love English Literature Essay

Shakespeare And Duffy Explore Love English Literature Essay Anne Hathaway is a love poem written by Carol Ann Duffy using the voice of Shakespeares wife, Anne Hathaway. The poem explores the loving relationship between Shakespeare and his wife on a physical as well as an emotional level. The poem uses the imagination to celebrate the power of Shakespeares work and creativity which lasts even after his death. Shakespeares sonnet 130 could arguably present the opposite. One of Shakespeares many love sonnets was written to his lover expressing his feelings to her. He mocks the way other poets compare women unrealistically to clichà ©d, beautiful things but though this might appear outrageous, his intention is to express a deep love. His approach is to use humour to make a serious point about love. Both poets use first person to bring a very personal, direct character to the poems. Duffys choice of the Shakespearean sonnet structure seems appropriate for the topic of love between Anne Hathaway and Shakespeare himself. Shakespeare, however, chooses the conventional sonnet form to make an attack on conventional expressions of love. Shakespeare also chooses the conventional sonnet form as it makes his point stronger about conventional love poetry. Shakespeare uses the first twelve lines of the sonnet form to describe how unappealing he finds his lover but his tone shifts in the final two lines as he reveals his true affection and that even with her flaws, he still appreciates his lover. This is different from Duffy because she reflects a romantic approach from the start of the sonnet and her characters passion for her husband is clear from the start. This is a contrast to Shakespeares apparent negative approach to love at the beginning of his poem. Duffys language choice is imperative in order to explore the topic of love. Duffy uses Iambic pentameter throughout the poem creating a regular rhythm and heavy stresses on important words. This, together with long sentences reflects the joyful and spontaneous process that Anne Hathaway feels during love making and it is as if she is letting all her emotions pour out in a smooth and uninterrupted manner. One example of the effects achieved by iambic pentameter is when heavy emphasis is placed on the word dive in line three. This is because dive could be seen as quite an erotic word and the image of someone diving is a smooth and beautiful and perhaps graceful one. This is used in a metaphorical way to emphasize going deeper into the fantasy of Anne Hathaways and Shakespeares love. Sentences in Shakespeares poem run over two or four lines and some contain contrasts such as black and white. Each statement supports the previous one and this makes a clear message about Shakespeares woman being incomparable to such beauties like the sun and roses. Shakespeare uses alternative line rhyming in his poem, unlike Duffy, and creates a contrast between positive and negative images by his choice of rhyming words. Sun and dun are two words with opposite meanings which suggest different things and this highlights the contrast between false imagery which conventional love poets compare women to. Shakespeares sonnet also employs iambic pentameter like Duffy, to put heavy emphasis on words such as nothing in the phrase nothing like the sun, which is a negative and definite word which isnt usually associated with love. Shakespeare does this to strengthen his argument against these love poets who write sonnets containing this commonly used simile in an insincere way. Both poems create a striking opening creating different impressions about love. Duffy chooses to start the poem with The bed we loved in which places the poem straight away in the bedroom and reflects that the lovemaking was a mutual and shared experience. The first line of Duffys poem contains the metaphor spinning world which creates a remarkable opening just as Shakespeare does when he draws attention to his idea by comparing his lovers eyes as nothing like the sun. This is a shocking surprise of negativity in a love poem and is the opposite to how Duffy chooses to start her poem as she creates an optimistic impression. Duffy refers to Shakespeare as My lover which emphasises the importance of their physical relationship and how Anne feels towards her husband. Similarly Shakespeare refers to his lover as My mistress which creates an emphatic, definite start and tells us that he sees the lady as his. Both Duffy and Shakespeare use a variety of different metaphors throughout their poems but each achieve a different effect on the subject of love. Most of the metaphors Duffy uses are compared to images from a fantasy land such as spinning world and shooting stars, both of which describe that Shakespeares lovemaking takes them to a place of fantasy as they fall uncontrollably in love with each other through this process. The idea of a shooting star is something which is unique, beautiful and rare and when Duffy compares this to their lovemaking, it reflects the appreciation of it from Anne Hathaways point of view as their love-making takes her to the heavens. Shakespeare, on the other hand, uses metaphors which are not usually associated with love and are arguably the opposite of Duffys and could be seen as making a mockery out of conventional poets. Coral is far more red than her lips red reflects that the idea of coral lips as being unnatural and Shakespeare is not going to lie lik e other poets do and compare his lovers features to such unlikely things. Black wires grow on her head is another metaphor used by Shakespeare which creates ugly impressions of the woman. Shakespeare uses metaphors to make his ideas sound more negative in order to express his love in a suspicious way whereas Duffy uses metaphors to create romantic images such as, echo is when something responds to its original sound and in this case, Anne is responding to Shakespeare. This creates the idea that both of them have connected as one and they are now close. It is also a linguistic metaphor and creates a strong link of their love. Duffy compares Shakespeares writing of poetry to their physical love-making to emphasise their love. Apart from the use of linguistic terms such as assonance and rhyme, Shakespeares occupation is present within the poem when Anne says she dreamed hed written me, the bed a page beneath his writers hands. This line suggests that Anne is being transported to another world, almost as if it was a dream and Shakespeares love-making is as creative as his writing. Romance and drama also link back to Shakespeares plays and suggests how he entices her with excitement, just how Shakespeares plays excited various audiences to carry on watching. However, the language in Sonnet 130 could be seen as unusual for someone like Shakespeare to use. The language is very conversational whereas Duffys language is more descriptive about direct love. I love to hear her speak is Shakespeares definite, final opinion of his lover. Shakespeare makes it clear that he adores his lovers voice and what she has to s ay but he gets his message across in a relaxed, informal way as opposed to Duffys language which is more descriptive about direct love. Shakespeares different approach to writing about love could be seen as more personal and focuses on his lover being a real woman. Duffy also appeals to our senses throughout her poem to enhance the readers imagination about their love. She lists by touch, by scent, by taste to reflect how powerful their love making. The list of three also makes it seem perfect and completed almost like beginning, middle, and end. The literal English meaning of the word assonance is when vowel sounds are repeated and Duffy uses it as a metaphor to create a harmonic sound. Where Duffy uses the senses to describe how passionate her love is, Shakespeare uses the senses to exaggerate the flaws in his lover. Reeks is the verb Shakespeare chose to describe his lovers breath. The term means breathed out but also has a connotation of something which is foul smelling and this appeals to our senses in the wrong way. Shakespeare chooses this adjective as it is amusing for people to use an outrageous word to gain a reaction. The poet then goes on to say how music hath a far more pleasing sound and at first glance, we could misinterpret this as another insult to his lover but he implies that he enjoys listening to what she has to say. Duffy puts emphasis on her ideas about love through her use of alliteration and repetition. My is repeated several times throughout the poem to certify that Anne Hathaway thinks Shakespeare is hers regardless of his affairs. However in Shakespeares sonnet my is only said once in regard to his possession over his woman but it is said right at the start of the poem to make a definite statement about his love. This again shows how love seems to involve a sense of ownership. The phrase Living laughing love is used to describe Anne Hathaways view of Shakespeare and draws attention to the fact that Shakespeare is very much alive in her memories. The alliteration creates echoes of joyful sounds and keeps Shakespeare prominent in our imagination. It also reflects joyful experiences when Shakespeare was alive. The phrase Goddess go is an example of alliteration used in Shakespeares sonnet. This creates a comic contrast as the word go seems much more ordinary than goddess which is usually asso ciated with women by love poets. Here, Shakespeare mocks this unrealistic link by using a humorous tone and finds it astonishing how poets try to turn women into celestial beings such as the goddess. The choice of verbs which Duffy and Shakespeare choose, reflect something meaningful about the love they share. In Duffys poem, the the other bed, the best makes the bed left in Shakespeares will to hi wife Anne Hathaway seem superior to the best bed. The verb used to describe the events going on in the best bed is dribbling which creates a completely different impression to Shooting which is the verb used to describe the image in the second best bed. Shooting is an energetic action and is a beautiful movement whereas the image of dribbling is something which leaks out slowly and doesnt create excitement. This comparison suggests that Anne Hathaway and Shakespeares love making is what makes their bed more exhilarating than the other bed. In Shakespeares sonnet, he uses exaggerated words such as reeks, nothing and in contrast uses ordinary verbs such as go to explore the subject of love. Treads is the word Shakespeare chooses to describe the way in which his lover walks on the ground. This suggests that his lover is ordinary as she treads on the ground like everyone does, compared to the word glides which love poets would probably use to compare the way their lover walks in an attempt to suggest they are angelic. Shakespeare focuses on using colours to explore his love for his mistress whereas Duffy tends to concentrate more on using romantic concepts which confirm Anne Hathaways love for her lover. Colours are significant as they are used in conventional love poems as they reflect emotion. Beauty is expressed through colour but Shakespeare seems to make a mockery of such an idea. The hypothetical statement If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun suggests that she is not pure as other poets would claim, as she is sexually experienced. The word dun in itself is very unromantic and common. The way in which both poets choose to conclude their poem reveals their final opinion about their lover. I hold him in the casket of my widows head is how Duffy ends her poem and it suggests that they are and always will be two lovers even after Shakespeares death. The term casket suggests something which holds precious memories and that is how Anne keeps her memory of her husband alive in her head. The rhyming words of bed and head round the poem off and gives a sense of completion. The strong sense of romance created in the last two lines of Duffys poem is expected as Anne has been praising her lover throughout the previous twelve lines. In Shakespeares poem, however, the sudden statement at the end and his dramatic declaration of love is surprising. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare is completely unexpected as the irony and mockery from the previous lines has been cancelled by this one strong statement. The expression by heaven suggests a outburst of love and feeling whi ch seems spontaneous and genuine. The rhyming words rare and compare gives a feeling that the poet has reached his conclusion about how he feels. Duffys poem ends with that next best bed which almost makes a mockery of the thought that their bed isnt the best and Anne makes it clear that it really isnt the second best and that in fact what went on sexually and romantically between husband and wife makes it the best bed. Shakespeare uses the word belied in his sonnet to describe how conventional love poets compare their women falsely. False compare suggests that others praise womens beauty in fake terms but the declaration of Shakespeares love is sincere. Duffy and Shakespeare both explore the subject of love but in different ways. Duffys poem reflects that although time brings things to an end, its the memories and love between people which keep things alive and Annes love towards her husband is kept prominent throughout the poem by the romantic terms used. Shakespeares poem focuses more on his womans real attributes rather than falsely comparing her to impossible qualities and therefore he makes a mockery of poets who do. Shakespeares love proves to be more real and personal as he loves his woman despite all of her flaws, Duffy presents a love which is, perhaps, more rare and magical as Shakespeares talents are highly praised. .Both poems come to the definite conclusion that a special love is possible although they choose a very difficult approach to explore this subject. Karishma Kapoor 10H

Shamanism Essay -- essays research papers

Shamanism Shamanism in Anthropology has been an entity in a constant metamorphosis. It has always been considered exotic and its existence around the globe was never contradicted. However, over the years it did not receive the scholarly attention that it so requires. The age of discovery garnered a multitude of information on shamanism all over the world. The reporters invested a great deal of accuracy in the gathering of the information, but their observational skills were mostly underdeveloped. Furthermore as could be expected, they saw and evaluated things solely on the basis of European religion and social customs (Flaherty, 1992, pp.3) without having it necessary to view its ramifications to the people who are so imbued by it. Despite these methodologies which were grave in nature, matters began to shift during the 1940's and 1950's when the social sciences were rapidly coming into their own disciplines. Shamanism, was beginning to be looked upon as a complex religious notions and modes of behaviour (Lommel, 1967, pp.8). Although shamanism was beginning to harness scholarly attention there were still different contradicting theories being laid out in the scientific community. More recently since the notion of tribalism has become more prevalent shamanism is beginning to be recognized as holding the key puzzle in life. Furthermore, it is growing and encompassing many areas such as Psychology, Pharmacology, and even believe it or not Physics. Now before we elaborate on the historical significance of shamaninsm in anthropology it is imperative that a general definition of shamanism is established. In order to study shamanism the shaman must first be understood. The original word shaman came form the Ural mountains in Russia. It applied to people who acted in several 'non-ordinary' capacities for their tribes. Shamans may be defined as man or a woman who through their ability to enter a trance state in any given moment can influence the course of events, find lost or stolen items and identify the criminal when a crime takes place. Thus in a sense shamanism is the practising of these mechanisms in trying to make sense of the world. As you can see it encompasses various facets of the social life from healing illness to maintaining social order. This definition of shamanism is very brief and reall... ...ps altered its course. The implications of these questions go on and on however, one thing is for certain and that the study of shamanism with its recent glorification is rapidly expanding. It is beginning to encompass areas that it never permeated for this reason perhaps it is time that a new discipline is created. One that in its own way will combine the best of humanities with certain aspects of anthropology, medicine and the physical sciences. " Perhaps it is time for a shamanology " (Flaherty, pp.215) BIBLIGRAPHY 1. Eliade, Mircea. Shamanism And Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Paris, 1951. 2. Devereux, G. Normal and Abnormal: Key problems of Psychiatric Anthropology. Washingtno, 1956. 3. Flaherty, Gloria. Shamanism In The Eighteen Century. Princeton: Priceton University Press, 1992. 4. Krader, L. `Buryat Religion and Society`, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 10, 1954. 5. Lewis, I.M. Ecstatic Religion. Middlesex: Penguin, 1971. 6. Lommel, Andreas. Shamanism: The Beginnings of Art. New York: McGraw- -Hill, 1973.

Literary Criticism Quotes and Explanation Essay

â€Å"Writing is easy. All you do is stare at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead. † -Gene Fowler Fowler conveys that writing is a difficult, exacting task. The purpose of writing is to put our thoughts into words, and to make our words move our readers. Many writers are frustrated by their inability to put their thoughts onto paper. I have always had a difficult time writing. I find that I have good ideas, but that putting my thoughts into words is challenging. I find this problem in all kinds of writing, even projects I enjoyed like a short story we wrote in the 7th grade. I enjoy reading science fiction; it is the most interesting to me. I have always had a hard time picturing what I am reading in my head, but science fiction is easier to visualize. I dislike non-fiction the most because I find it uninteresting. â€Å"Human speech is like a cracked kettle on which we tap crude rhythms for bears to dance to, while we long to make music that will melt the stars. † -G. Flaubert Flaubert’s message is that human speech is imperfect and inelegant. Many people strive to speak fluently but aspects of their speech like word choice and grammar are imprecise. One way to express yourself when words do not work is body language. For example, if somebody doesn’t understand that you are trying to be sarcastic you can use body language to convey your message. You can also express yourself through art, like paintings or music. Some people also try to express themselves through the way that they dress. One advantage to using these methods is that you do not have to say anything but people can simply interpret your message. This can also act as a disadvantage because they might interpret it the wrong way.

Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser

Scoring Your Test From the SAT Preparation Bookletâ„ ¢ The materials in these files are intended for individual use by students getting ready to take an SAT Program test; permission for any other use must be sought from the SAT ® Program. Schools (state-approved and/or accredited diploma-granting secondary schools) may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities, for face-to-face guidance/teaching purposes but may not mass distribute the materials, electronically or otherwise.These materials and any copies of them may not be sold, and the copyright notices must be retained as they appar here. This permission does not apply to any third-party copyrights contained herein. The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations.Each year, the College Board serves over seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT ®, the PSAT/NMSQT ®, and the Advanced Placement Program ® (AP ®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns. For further information, visit www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board.All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. connect to college success, SAT Preparation Booklet, SAT Reasoning Test, SAT Subject Tests, The Official SAT Study Guide, and The Official SAT Online Course are trademarks owned by the College Board. PSAT/NM SQT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.Correct Answers and Difficulty Levels for the Official SAT Practice Test Get a score report and answer explanations! Enter your answers online at collegeboard. com/ satpracticetest. 72 Getting Ready for the SAT  © 2005 The College Board Scoring the Of? cial SAT Practice Test To have your score calculated automatically, go to www. collegeboard. com/satpracticetest. You’ll receive: †¢ A detailed score report †¢ Answer explanations To calculate your score on paper, check your responses with the correct answers on page 72. Fill in the blanks below and do the calculations to get your mathematics, critical reading, and writing raw scores.Use the tables on pages 75–76 to find your scaled scores. How many multiple-ch oice mathematics questions did you get wrong? Section 2: Questions 1–20 Section 6: Questions 1–8 Total + = (B) Section 8: Questions 1–16 + ? 0. 25 = A–B = Mathematics Raw Score Round the mathematics raw score to the nearest whole number. Get Your Critical Reading Score How many critical reading questions did you get right? Section 3: Questions 1–24 Section 7: Questions 1–24 + Section 9: Questions 1–19 + Total = (A) Use the table on page 75 to find your mathematics scaled score. Get Your Writing ScoreHow many multiple-choice writing questions did you get right? Section 5: Questions 1–35 Section 10: Questions 1–14 + Total = (A) How many critical reading questions did you get wrong? Section 3: Questions 1–24 Section 7: Questions 1–24 + Section 9: Questions 1–19 + Total = (B) How many multiple-choice writing questions did you get wrong? Section 5: Questions 1–35 Section 10: Questions 1–14 + Total = (B) ? 0. 25 = A–B= Critical Reading Raw Score Round the critical reading raw score to the nearest whole number. ? 0. 25 = A–B = Writing Multiple-Choice Raw Score Round the writing multiple-choice raw score to the nearest whole number. C) Use the table on page 75 to find your critical reading scaled score. Get Your Mathematics Score How many mathematics questions did you get right? Section 2: Questions 1–20 Section 6: Questions 1–18 + Section 8: Questions 1–16 + Total = (A) Use the table on page 75 to find your writing multiple-choice scaled score. Estimate your essay score using the Essay Scoring Guide on page 73. ?2= (D) Use the table on page 76, your multiple-choice raw score (C), and your essay score (D) to find your writing composite scaled score. 74 Getting Ready for the SAT  © 2005 The College Board SAT Score Conversion TableThe majority of essay readers teach English, composition, or language arts courses. Each essay is scored ind ependently by two readers on a scale of 1 to 6, with 6 being the highest score. The combined score for both readers will range from 2 to 12. If the two readers’ scores are more than one point apart, a third reader resolves the discrepancy. In scoring the essays, readers follow the scoring guide below. The scoring guide describes the features typically found in essays at each score point, including critical thinking, development, organization, language use, and sentence structure. A student can get a top score on the essay even with minor errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics.The SAT essay neither rewards nor penalizes formulaic approaches to writing, such as the five-paragraph essay. There is no formula for effective writing, no single best way to communicate an idea. Any essay that features clear lines of reasoning, appropriate choices of evidence, ample development of ideas, effective organization, and precise use of language will receive a high score, regardless of style or approach. Readers are trained to recognize and reward a wide variety of essays at each score point. SAT ESSAY Scoring Guide SCORE OF 6 An essay in this category demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, although it may have a few minor errors.A typical essay †¢ effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position †¢ is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear coherence and smooth progression of ideas †¢ exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate, and apt vocabulary †¢ demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure †¢ is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 5 An essay in this category demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery, although it will have occasional errors or lapses in quality. A typical essay SCORE OF 4 An essay in this category dem onstrates adequate mastery, although it will have lapses in quality. A typical essay effectively develops a point of view on the †¢ develops a point of view on the issue and issue and demonstrates strong critical thinking, demonstrates competent critical thinking, generally using appropriate examples, reasons, using adequate examples, reasons, and other and other evidence to support its position evidence to support its position †¢ is well organized and focused, demonstrating coherence and progression of ideas †¢ exhibits facility in the use of language, using appropriate vocabulary †¢ demonstrates variety in sentence structure †¢ is generally free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics †¢ is generally organized and focused, demonstrating some coherence and progression of ideas †¢ exhibits adequate but inconsistent facility in the use of language, using generally appropriate vocabulary †¢ demonstrates some variety in sentence structure †¢ has some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 3 An essay in this category demonstrates developing mastery, and is marked byONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops a point of view on the issue, demonstrating some critical thinking, but may do so inconsistently or use inadequate examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its position †¢ is limited in its organization or focus, or may demonstrate some lapses in coherence or progression of ideas †¢ displays developing facility in the use of language, but sometimes uses weak vocabulary or inappropriate word choice †¢ lacks variety or demonstrates problems in sentence structure †¢ contains an accumulation of errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 2 An essay in this category demonstrates little mastery, and is flawed by ONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops a point of view on the issue that is vague or seriously limited, and demonstrates weak crit ical thinking, providing inappropriate or insufficient examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its positionAn essay in this category demonstrates very little or no mastery, and is severely flawed by ONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops no viable point of view on the issue, or provides little or no evidence to support its position †¢ is poorly organized and/or focused, or †¢ is disorganized or unfocused, resulting in a disjointed or incoherent essay demonstrates serious problems with coherence or progression of ideas †¢ displays very little facility in the use of language, using very limited vocabulary or incorrect word choice †¢ demonstrates frequent problems in sentence structure †¢ contains errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics so serious that meaning is somewhat obscured  © 2005 The College Board †¢ displays fundamental errors in vocabulary demonstrates severe flaws in sentence structure †¢ contains pervasive err ors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that persistently interfere with meaning Getting Ready for the SAT 73 Essays not written on the essay assignment will receive a score of zero. Sample Essays for the SAT Practice Test Essay #1: This essay received a score of 6 Americans nowadays are far too concerned with their privacy. In our culture of large houses, home security systems, and private counslers, everyone is trying too hard to seclude themselves and cut off their emotions with the outside world. Two summers ago some friends of mine and I went on a trip to Thailand for one month.In Thailand I observed how communicative Thais were with all of their problems and emotions, and I became convinced that this culture of sharing one’s emotions was far superior to the American way of hiding them. In America we all are individualists, meaning we all care about standing out in a crowd and making a unique, strong impression. So when my friends and I arrived in a small village in the Nort h of Thailand, we were somewhat shocked to find that Thais centered around groups, not individual people. When it came to emotions, if someone had a problem, the group had a problem, and everyone would try and fix it. It was as if the entire village was one large team that had a mission to help all of its individuals. No one was left in isolation.In contrast, we Americans hid all of our stressful or other serious emotions. We were concerned once again with our appearance, how we would be judged by our friends, and whether or not it suited our unique identity. For us, it was â€Å"every man for himself. † If someone had a problem, it was up to them to fix it. The advantages of this might be that everyone learns to solve their problems on their own, but people are then not learning how to communicate their problems, they are not learning how to communicate in a group. For example, my friend Duncan had recently got refused by a college he had had his heart set on, and he was fee ling depressed about it.While in Thailand we all asumed that he was doing ok because he never talked about it. After one month however, all of us in the group had grown closer together and we started to share our feelings more. Duncan confessed to us that he was still upset about his college refusal, and we all worked together to cheer him up and get rid of his depression. There was nothing â€Å"weak† about him feeling upset. In fact, he showed us strength by being brave enough to express himself to us. Should people keep their emotions private? If they have serious emotions that they hold inside of themselves, most likely these emotions will be a lot harder to make go away.Thai culture, and the Thai way of solving problems as a group, convinced me that people are meant to express themselves in a group. Confessing one’s emotions to others is a way to cope with problems, and it teaches us valuable lessons of communication and honesty. People need to confess their probl ems, not keep them private. Why Essay #1 Received a Score of 6 This essay demonstrates outstanding critical thinking in effectively and insightfully developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Confessing one’s emotions to others is a way to cope with problems, and it teaches us valuable lessons of communication and honesty†) with a clearly appropriate example from personal experience.Well organized and clearly focused, the essay uses an account of a trip to Thailand to illustrate the point that Americans, who â€Å"all care about standing out in a crowd† and thus conceal â€Å"all of our stressful or other serious emotions,† â€Å"need to learn the Thai way of solving problems†¦people are meant to express themselves in a group. † The essay demonstrates smooth progression of ideas (â€Å"Duncan confessed to us that he was still upset about his college refusal, and we all worked together to cheer him up†¦There was nothing ‘weakâ⠂¬â„¢ about him feeling upset. In fact, he showed his strength by being brave enough to express himself to us†) and uses language skillfully throughout.This essay demonstrates clear and consistent mastery and earns the top score of 6.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #2: This essay received a score of 6 I cannot help but believe, despite my slight ambivalence over the issue of privacy, that the trends which now-adays indicate a slight reluctance on part of people to keep some things private, are dangerous. Shows like â€Å"Jerry Springer† in the USA tend to reveal information that is inherently dangerous for young children, and thus should be kept private. A problem with capitalism that I have become cognizant of, through my observations, is that if some activity can help amass profits, it is widely employed.This almost insane drive to attain profit maximization not only ignores external and societal costs, but is setting dangerous cultural precedents. Since lurid, sen sationalist confessions by ‘average’ people are quite appealing to the general television viewer, it is unsurprising that myriad shows have propped up on television, which pander to these very wants by exposing stories and information which is better kept dissembled. In this context, the show ‘Jerry Springer’ epitomizes my argument. In this show, an array of family problems are presented to an audience, not for information dissemination, but for ‘entertainment’; In this case, which means—and I think this is quite obvious—nothing but mockery and amusement over the antics of people who choose to expose their problems.These ‘personal predicaments’ range from some less disturbing ones, such as people cheating on their friends or marital partners, to extremely grave ones, such as people sleeping with their relatives. I am not someone who would like to contravene principles like freedom of expression, or freedom of choice. But democracy as a system doesnot herald absolute freedom for its own sake; rather, it champions the cause of ‘live and let live’. The latter principal is surely being violated by people who choose to expose such stories— for no plausible reasons I can conjure, since no family problem has actually been solved by such shows—to impressionable young children; for TV ratings and parental supervision do not always work. Am I exaggerating?Is it not harmful or psychologically detrimental when a child is exposed to such ideas? You be the judge. Why Essay #2 Received a Score of 6 This essay demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, effectively and insightfully developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"the trends which now-a-days indicate a slight reluctance on part of people to keep some things private, are dangerous†) with clearly appropriate reasons and examples. The essay displays outstanding critical thinking in linking the â€Å"harmful or psycho logically detrimental† behavior publicized on the â€Å"Jerry Springer† television show with capitalism’s â€Å"almost insane drive to attain profit maximization. The essay is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating smooth progression of ideas (â€Å"I am not someone who would like to contravene principles like freedom of expression, or freedom of choice. But democracy as a system doesnot herald absolute freedom for its own sake; rather, it champions the cause of ‘live and let live’. The latter principal is surely being violated by people who choose to expose such stories—for no plausible reasons I can conjure, since no family problem has actually been solved by such shows—to impressionable young children†). The essay also exhibits skillful use of language, featuring precision and variety in vocabulary and sentence structure.This outstanding essay receives the top score of 6.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #3: This essay received a score of 5 People no longer respect the privacy of others or of themselves. This is evident through the exposure of famous peoples’ lives, the â€Å"showing off† of possessions and sex appeal, and pornography. Society should learn to respect the privacy of others despite the urge to get involved. One of the most common places privacy is violated is among famous or upper class groups. The reason society feels a need to know everything that goes on in a famous person’s life is because of jealousy. People constantly remind the rich and the famous that their lives are not â€Å"perfect. For instance, when Brittany Speare’s married her limosine driver and then divorced him eight hours later, everyone read it in the tabloids, newspapers, saw it on the television and heard of it on the radio. Another reason why such people are constant victims of over exposure is because the media takes advantage of certain situations in order to increase their ratings and profit. A popular practice, especially found in the United States and European countries, is the â€Å"showing† off of possessions. People want the world to know that they have money and own an Escalade or Rolls Royce. MTV has a show called CRIBS, which shows the audience the interior and exterior of rich multi-million dollar homes of famous musical artists. Also, the â€Å"showing† off of bodies and the use of sex appeal has become almost a necessity in the fashion business.Women and men completely expose their bodies in an effort to make money and become famous. This has a negative effect on society because it leads to a decline in self confidence and people, especially young teen girls, in an attempt to look like super models, starve themselves. Pornography is another aspect of life that should be private. Sex is a sacred act that is shared between a man and a woman yet people, such as Paris Hilton, have violated and abused it. This brings the idea that sex sells. Society should not overexpose their bodies, money, or the private lives of others. This could help decrease the amount of crimes, teen pregnancies, and identity theft. Why Essay #3 Received a Score of 5This essay effectively develops a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Society should not expose their bodies, money, or the private lives of others†) with appropriate reasons and examples. The well-organized essay uses strong critical thinking to explain how people are hurt by the lack of privacy in today’s image-focused, media-saturated society (â€Å"Women and men completely expose their bodies in an effort to make money and become famous. This has a negative effect on society because it leads to a decline in self confidence and people, especially young teen girls, in an attempt to look like super models, starve themselves†). The essay exhibits facility in the use of language (â€Å"People no longer respect the privacy of others or of themselves.This is evident through the exposure of famous peoples’ lives, the â€Å"showing off† of possessions and sex appeal, and pornography†). To earn a score of 6, the writer needs to use stronger critical thinking to explain more fully how celebrity overexposure and pornography are harmful to society. This essay demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery and earns a 5.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #4: This essay received a score of 5 For a person to be honest, he need not share every aspect of his life. It is not dishonest to not mention a fact that was not inquired about. Even if it was asked of, one can easily say, truthfully, that they care not to speak of the issue.People in our modern society should make an effort to keep aspects of their lives private, for it would give them and others many problems, most of which are much greater than dishonesty could ever be. Many issues are personnal, and relevant only to you. There is no reason why personnal information shou ld be shared, unless it is by the will of that person, or in order to solve a larger problem. In the United States, we have our government separated from our religious institutions, and for good reason. People should be allowed to worship however they choose, and the rest of the world should have no effect on it, as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.However, this is not always the case. In the Nazi-controlled Europe of WWII, Jews were forced to wear a Star of David on their arm to show they were Jewish and therefore were shunned. Their right to privacy was violated, and should not have been. In the world today, there are many diverse cultures. The United States, for example, has races from all over the globe. Many people have opinions about some of these different races and the beliefs that correlate. Groups such as the KKK outwardly show their opinions of other ethnic groups, in many cases violently. For the safety of themselves and the ones they shun, they should keep their opinion s private.Even on the smaller scale, if two people were to divulge all their opinions and beliefs to the other, they would no doubt find many ideas upon which they disagree. Instead of ignoring their minute differences and getting along well, they chose, by not keeping their ideas private, to bring them out and possibly argue heatedly about them. There are many more instances in which privacy should be honored, but these two should give an adequate idea of why privacy is very important to a peaceful society. Why Essay #4 Received a Score of 5 This essay demonstrates strong critical thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"privacy is very important to a peaceful society†) with appropriate reasons and examples.Well organized and focused around the idea that privacy helps people avoid â€Å"many problems, most of which are much greater than dishonesty,† the essay displays coherence and progression of ideas, first citing the violation of Jews’ priv acy under the Nazis, then explaining that in today’s world of diverse cultures, little good comes of people â€Å"divulg[ing] all their opinions and beliefs. † The essay exhibits facility in the use of language and demonstrates variety in sentence structure (â€Å"Groups such as the KKK outwardly show their opinions of other ethnic groups, in many cases violently. For the safety of themselves and the ones they shun, they should keep their opinions private†). To achieve a score of 6, the writer needs to explain the link between the two examples more insightfully. The essay is effective and earns a score of 5. Essay #5: This essay received a score of 4 J.David Velleman had an idea that many may believe as truth, however, when looking at the entire picture it is clear that in all free countries everyone has a right to keep things to themselves. In our very own constitution we have dedicated the 4th Amendment to protecting people from incriminating themselves in the court of law. People every day do things and refuse to tell others about their actions. If a person truely wants to keep something private then that person has the right to do so. Our culture becoming a far too confessional and selfexpressive is not a true statement in that people have and will always have the ability to keep something private if they want to. Our culture in America is growing closer to utilizing therapy as a tool to improve their state of mind and well being.This, however, requires a person to be more open so that a trained professional can use their skills to help solve problems. However, at the begining of the 1st therapy session the therapist is required to tell the person or group that they do not need to share something if they dont wish to. This then gives the choice to the patient who decide what to tell and what not to tell. In the past some might say that people were forced into saying things more than in our present day culture. The Spanish Inquisition t ortured their victims and forced them to say things even if it wasnt true in order to sentance the person to death. It is an obvious choice that therapy is a far better way of opening a person up.  © 2005 The College Board Why Essay #5 Received a Score of 4This essay develops a point of view on the issue (â€Å"If a person truely wants to keep something private then that person has the right to do so†) with reasons and examples that adequately support the position, thus demonstrating competent critical thinking. Generally focused around the idea that people in contemporary America enjoy the right to privacy, a right that people have not always possessed, the essay features some coherence and progression of ideas (â€Å"In the past some might say that people were forced into saying things more than in our present day culture. The Spanish Inquisition tortured their victims and forced them to say things even if it wasnt true in order to sentance the person to death. It is an obvious choice that therapy is a far better way of opening a person up†). The essay exhibits adequate facility in the use of language despite some errors.To earn a higher score, the writer should further develop the interesting contrast between therapy and the Spanish Inquisition with additional focused reasoning and other evidence. This competent essay receives a score of 4. Essay #6: This essay received a score of 4 People should have a choice whether they want to keep their own matters private, and the public should respect people’s decisions. If people want to keep their matters private, they should not have to make an effort. An example of â€Å"confessional and self-expressive† matters is a diary. Many people express their deepest thoughts and feelings in diaries and journals. Some people, such as celebrities, choose to publicize their diaries. If such is their desire, no one should have a problem.Some celebrities just want average people to know what a fam ous is actually like. These inside peeks can be entertaining and informative. On the other hand, if people choose to keep their diaries secret, then others should respect them. People can use diaries to disclose embarrassing, revealing secrets that would otherwise eat away at them. People can use their diaries as an escape. Others should not violate their privacy for no reason. Of course, sometimes people do have a good reason for invading someone’s privacy and reading his/her diary. Because people often think that no one who matters will ever read their diaries, they can reveal their innermost thoughts. These diaries can be important to historians.For example, Anne Frank’s powerfully moving diary revealed a great deal about life during the Holocaust. Her diary has proven to be an excellent primary source. Another important diary is Go Ask Alice. Alice’s diary opens up the world of drugs. Her story can be used to help other drug-addicted teens or to prevent peop le from trying drugs. Thus, opening up diaries to the public can be very useful. Clearly, there are benefits to keeping certain things private or public. Why Essay #6 Received a Score of 4 This essay demonstrates competent critical thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Clearly, there are benefits to keeping certain things rivate or public†) through a generally focused discussion of diaries. The essay uses adequate reasons and examples to examine both sides of the privacy debate (â€Å"If people want to keep their matters private, they should not have to make an effort†¦. Of course, sometimes people do have a good reason for invading someone’s privacy and reading his/her diary†). The essay demonstrates some progression of ideas and exhibits adequate facility in the use of language (â€Å"These diaries can be important to historians. For example, Anne Frank’s powerfully moving diary revealed a great deal about life during the Holo caust. Her diary has proven to be an excellent primary source†).To achieve a higher score, the writer should use critical thinking to reconcile the opposing sides of the issue, perhaps by answering the question, â€Å"when, exactly, is it acceptable to read someone else’s diary? † The essay is competent and receives a score of 4.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #7: This essay received a score of 3 I think that you should not have to keep everything private. People have a lot of views, ideas, stories, etc. and if they feel that it is necessary to tell them, then let them. I think that if it is helpful, necessary, or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to talk about it. My first example is if someone was having a problem.If this person is feeling really bad and their friend (peer) wants to tell them how they feel about the topic, then keeping it private is the wrong thing to do! The feelings that the second person is express ing to the first could be extremely helpful. My second example is that some people solve their own problems by talking about it. Often times when someone is having some kind of problem, speaking out and letting people know how they feel can help them. Just hearing themselves talk about it can really help a person. This doesn’t mean that you have to physically talk about it to another human. As long as you aren’t screaming at someone that you don’t know, then let it go.My last example is if you knew something or had an opinion on something that could greatly help you or someone else from doing something that is physically or mentally damaging. For example suicide. No one wants you to keep your feelings in if it is going to be something dangerous like this. I think that if it is helpful, necesarry or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to say what you feel. Why Essay #7 Received a Score of 3 This essay demonstrates some criti cal thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"I think that if it is helpful, necessary, or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to talk about it†) with reasons or examples.However, the evidence provided is limited in focus and is inadequately developed to support the position (â€Å"My last example is if you knew someone or had an opinion on something that could greatly help you or someone else from doing something that is physically or mentally damaging. For example suicide. No one wants you to keep your feelings in if it is going to be something dangerous like this†). The essay also displays developing facility in the use of language. To attain a higher score, the writer should improve the focus of the evidence provided, perhaps by including examples of actual situations in which â€Å"speaking out† was beneficial. This essay demonstrates developing mastery and earns a 3. Essay #8: This essay received a sc ore of 2 I feel that people should keep things more private, but some things should be expressed.People should keep things more quiet, because thats how rumors get out, when people talk about something they don’t really know about well. If people kept quiet then rumors wouldn’t get started, and as long as they kept quiet, it gives them more time to learn the truth. If things were kept in private, maybe there would not be wars and terrorism. People would get along and not have to argue over dumb stuff. Most bad things happen because someone says something wrong. In that case if people kept their opinions private, there wouldn’t be anything spoken wrong. I also think somethings should be expressed, like if there was something bad going to happen to the country, people would speak about it, instead of keeping it quiet.Some others that shouldn’t be kept quiet would be deaths, so people could hear if they knew the person or not. Basically any thing important t o the country and families should not be kept private. The only way it should is if they wanted it too. Overall, I feel that you can say what you want, but make sure you are speaking the truth and if not keep it private.  © 2005 The College Board Why Essay #8 Received a Score of 2 This essay develops a vague point of view on the issue (â€Å"I feel that people should keep things more private, but some things should be expressed†) and provides insufficient evidence to support the position, thus demonstrating weak critical thinking.The essay is poorly focused, displaying serious problems with progression of ideas and the use of language (â€Å"Some others that shouldn’t be kept quiet would be deaths, so people could hear if they knew the person or not. Basically any thing important to the country and families should not be kept private. The only way it should is if they wanted it too†). To earn a higher score, the writer should offer adequate, developed reasons and examples that clarify the distinction between what should be expressed and what should be kept private. This essay is seriously limited and receives a score of 2. Essay #9: This essay received a score of 1 In life people’s privacy are viewed on different levels.It depends on how serious their secret is. If it is very serious they will do anything to keep it private if not they will tell in time. Our culture has been viewed by all and in the opinions of the world i guess, some think it needs to be like it is, too where we know what’s going on in the world. Others don’t want to know but when they do find out it freaks them out, to were their paranoid. Our cultures privacy is our opinion. It should in some ways be kept a serious secret and they should take more effort to keep it private. If not that serious it will be told in time, just like when Bush went to Iraq for Thanksgiving. Why Essay #9 Received a Score of 1This essay develops no viable point of view on the issue, offering only disjointed, unfocused statements about privacy (â€Å"Our cultures privacy is our opinion. It should in some ways be kept a serious secret and they should take more effort to keep it private†). The essay displays severe flaws in sentence structure (â€Å"If it is very serious they will do anything to keep it private if not they will tell in time†) and contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics that interfere with meaning (â€Å"when they do find out it freaks them out, to were their paranoid†). To achieve a higher score, the writer needs to present a clear point of view and support it with relevant reasons and examples. This essay demonstrates no mastery and receives a score of 1.  © 2005 The College Board

Free Essays on Gender Roles in the Work Place

Within the â€Å"Western† culture of North America, gender is socially constructed as a â€Å"new culture† that influences people’s lives in various different aspects. Society creates the rules for what constitutes being a man or women, which create different experiences for both sexes socially, economically, and politically. In this essay, I will argue that the structure, processes, and operation of corporations are affected by gender ideologies that are established and reinforced by society. As a result, being a male or female has its advantages and disadvantages when working in the labour force. Moreover, women have always been seen at a disadvantage compared to men in terms of labour market related aspects such as, promotions, wage increases, and respect! More importantly, I will analyze this issue of gender and organization in relation to the Gendered Organization Theory and my personal experiences at my work (Future Shop) to provide a theoretical and practical understanding of this issue occurring within society. Currently, I work for Future Shop as a sales associate in the Communication Department. I have been employed with the company for almost a year and have observed and experienced different situations that have been influenced by gender ideologies created by society. More importantly, many of these experiences have provided myself a better understanding of how gender has become an important tool of control for organizations that create different work inequalities between men and women. One author Joan Acker, discusses the issue of gender and organizations by arguing that there are 5 Interacting Processes of Gender Segregation which can be found in most corporations. The author argues that corporations are not gender neutral and explains how gender, the body, and sexuality, are all part of the processes of control in corporations/organizations. Acker (1990) states, â€Å"Images of men’s bodies and mascu... Free Essays on Gender Roles in the Work Place Free Essays on Gender Roles in the Work Place Within the â€Å"Western† culture of North America, gender is socially constructed as a â€Å"new culture† that influences people’s lives in various different aspects. Society creates the rules for what constitutes being a man or women, which create different experiences for both sexes socially, economically, and politically. In this essay, I will argue that the structure, processes, and operation of corporations are affected by gender ideologies that are established and reinforced by society. As a result, being a male or female has its advantages and disadvantages when working in the labour force. Moreover, women have always been seen at a disadvantage compared to men in terms of labour market related aspects such as, promotions, wage increases, and respect! More importantly, I will analyze this issue of gender and organization in relation to the Gendered Organization Theory and my personal experiences at my work (Future Shop) to provide a theoretical and practical understanding of this issue occurring within society. Currently, I work for Future Shop as a sales associate in the Communication Department. I have been employed with the company for almost a year and have observed and experienced different situations that have been influenced by gender ideologies created by society. More importantly, many of these experiences have provided myself a better understanding of how gender has become an important tool of control for organizations that create different work inequalities between men and women. One author Joan Acker, discusses the issue of gender and organizations by arguing that there are 5 Interacting Processes of Gender Segregation which can be found in most corporations. The author argues that corporations are not gender neutral and explains how gender, the body, and sexuality, are all part of the processes of control in corporations/organizations. Acker (1990) states, â€Å"Images of men’s bodies and mascu...

World of Things essays

World of Things essays Kamisaka Sekka (18661942) is credited as one of the greatest Japanese artists in the history of Japanese art. He was the ultimate teacher of native style art in Japan. This style is known as Rimpa. Sekka was known for his work in various medias such as lacquer design, painting, textiles, ceramics, furniture and woodblock-printed books. He helped with the development of modern Japanese art. An extraordinary Japanese painting that I would like to describe to you is the Kamisaka Sekka Momoyogusa (World of Things). This painting came from a set of three albums of Kamisaka Sekka. It ranges from the years 1866- 1942. This is a woodblock print made with ink and colors on white paper. This particular painting shows three Japanese women with traditional clothing known as kimonos. Kimonos are made out of silk and are worn for formal or traditional occasions. The three women in this painting appear to be in a dancing ritual lined up. The women appear to be moving on the paper. The women have a flow like appearance. Sekka accomplished this with the location of the women. He did not line them up exactly next to them. The first woman on the left has a lime green hat that covers her entire face. The hat has designs that are made with hatched lines. There also appears to be a small floral design on the hat. The shape of the hat is circular and bent into a taco shape. Her kimono is red with decorations on the sleeves, v-shaped collar and the bottom portion. The designs on her kimono are triangular with the triangles ranging in different colors like brown, gray, white, green and a purple. Her long sleeves also have a floral design that is also red. The women also appears to have brown sandals and a wide black belt around her waist. She is positioned in a dance like mode behind the second women in the painting. The second woman that appears on this painting is also dressed in a traditional kimono. Her short ...

Analysis of the steel production company POSCO

Analysis of the steel production company POSCO 1. Introduction The project that started with a few people at the city of Pohang at the East coast of Korea has today grown to the company that most of us knows as POSCO. Today POSCO is not only among the top steelmakers in the world in terms production, but also in terms of technology has the company captured one of the leading positions. More specifically the company is today the third biggest steelmaker in terms of production, and has earlier figured as number before different mergers and acquisitions changed this status. POSCO has succeeded by constantly investing in new production facilities and new technologies. This is underlined by their slogan: â€Å"Resources are limited; Creativity is unlimited†. POSCO was founded in cooperation with the Korean government, which wished to create a local supply of steel. Thus, POSCO has always been highly dependant on the Korean market and the Korean government. Even today this dependence is preserved, emphasized by POSCO having 72% of their sales in Korea (Business and Company Resource Center, 2010). However POSCO is also starting to position themselves at the global market, where the patterns of competition is completely different than the ones at their home market. This paper will examine the position of POSCO at the Korean market as well as the global market, and what kind of possibilities and challenges they are facing in order to prosper. The role of technology development plays a crucial role in this matter. Despite being an old and established industry, steel production is highly dependant on the development of technology, especially in terms of new processes of production. The paper should therefore also take into consideration how POSCO will succeed in further improving their technological competencies in order to stay competitive. The structure of the paper will be as follows: After the introduction some theoretical considerations in relation to the paper will be provided. Second, a presentation of POSCO, including its historical development as well as a short presentation of steelmaking will be provided. Third, the competitive market of the steel industry that POSCO are acting in will be analysed through the model, Porter’s five forces. After this, the technological development within POSCO will be described and analysed. At last, the future challenges in terms of technology strategy and the possibilities improving their position in the market will be analysed. These will be complemented by some specific recommendations on how to prosper. 2. Theoretical Considerations This study will consist of a business strategic part as well as a technology strategic part. The aim of the paper is to explain how the technology strategy of POSCO can be utilized in order to carry out the business strategy of the company, ultimately leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. At the business strategy level this paper seeks to combine the market-based view (Porter, 1980) and the reso urce-based view (Barney, 1991; Prahalad & Hamel, 1990). The paper adopts an outward-in perspective, starting out by analysing the current market situation of POSCO. For this purpose a Porter’s five forces model is used. By making this analysis it becomes visible what kind of position POSCO holds in their current competitive environment, and how they can eventually use their internal resources, more specifically technologies, to obtain a more favourable position relative to their nearest competitors. The resource-based view is not applied in the same systematic way, but rather as a mean to understanding the importance of technology development for the overall resources of the company.

John Wesley on Methods of Ministry and Discipleship Research Paper

John Wesley on Methods of Ministry and Discipleship - Research Paper Example He wrote a lot about discipleship and ministry. This paper particularly explores the theological or biblical foundations that led to John Wesley to his views and techniques of discipleship and ministry. The doctrinal analysis he had analysis and techniques and most importantly the experiences that contributed to his method and views concerning discipleship and ministry basing on his work â€Å"The Essential Works of John Wesley†. Social background of Wesley that comprised of religious parents this essentially boosted his understanding of the biblical scripture and fundamentals of Christian life and discipleship. John Wesley laid emphasis was on being a disciple to be considered a follower of Jesus with scripture backing. Through his style of controversial divinity, he was induced that discipleship was the true identity of a Christ believer. He came up with 3-Strand of Discipleship stages to assert the importance for involvement and real participation among Christians this can be directly linked to his theological believes. Furthermore, John Wesley was of the view that Christ left a crucial mission that is a concern on making more disciples rather than converting individuals to Christianity. The basis of Wesley theological foundation can be attributed to the fact that he believed that the central core of the Christian faith was shown in biblical Scripture. Adding that scripture was the main foundational source of doctrinal development and theological. The centrality of Scripture was so essential for Wesley that he labeled himself "a man of one book†. Throughout his life experiences, he never separated himself with a call for true discipleship and the biblical doctrines and this is best highlighted by his message in â€Å"The Essential Works of John Wesley†. Closely related to this was the fact that Wesley asserted to the view that a part of the theological method should comprise

Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Paper Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) Paper - Article Example The CEO was also accused of using $31 million to acquire a private jet. These and a host of other problems from the corporate world have been around for long and the result is the reduced employee performance because they do not trust their leaders. This is why leaders from non-profit organizations have the obligation of demonstrating that they are accountable, honest and respectful. Based on the research findings, it seems that only through ethical leadership can charitable organizations in America maintain the trust from the public. To understand the importance of ethical leadership, it is imperative to know how this type of leadership influences employees’ voice in non-profit organizations in America. c) Study Mechanisms: Comparative studies of any study mechanisms examining if leaders in different non-profit organizations in America behave in an ethical manner and their influence on employee freedom. On the left-hand side of the search results page, I selected the box next to the Scholarly (Peer Reviewed) journals limiter and updated my results. In some cases, I was able to find the journal articles. However, in some cases, I was not able to obtain the full text of the article. To obtain the full text of the article, I first clicked on the Find It tab button in the articles record. By doing this, I was directed to the Find It window that indicates that the full-text article was not available from any of the UMUC librarys databases. Nonetheless, it meant that I could use the Librarys DocumentExpress service to request a PDF. While I started synthesizing the evidences from the searches, I explored evidences based on Evidence-Based management’s suggestion (2014), which involves asking, acquiring, appraising, aggregating, applying, and assessing. I did this with the aim of enhancing the chance to support my research context and get the evidence that could answer my

Reading analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading analysis - Assignment Example It is, though, probably accurate to say that social pressure plays a huge role in determining how both women and men form their personal values. Societal pressure is an experience that all members of a society are openly exposed to and have to contend with, particularly in childhood and teenage years. However, the question remains, ‘How can this influence of society on young people’s values be measured or quantified?’ The fact is that this is almost impossible to accomplish. According to Gulla, â€Å"one can only use his or her own experience in terms of how much what society demands has contributed to the formation of personal values or the testimonies of others to determine if societal pressure can affect personal beliefs† (76). Parental influence is also likely play a huge role in determining personal beliefs. The fact that young people often behave in similar ways to their parents is another obvious observable fact in almost every culture in the world. Still, the influence of an individual’s personality becomes evident when the individual becomes independent and moves away from the parents. People will often adopt different interests from those encouraged by society or even their families once they are outside the control of their parents. This means that it is individual personality that mostly influences the value systems of people. According to Lewis, â€Å"it would appear that the influence of social or peer pressure as well as parental beliefs is only temporary for well-developed people† (Lewis, 301). At younger ages, the individual may not have the mental capacity to bear the consequences of refusing to adopt the preferred values as determined by society as well as parents. However, with adulthood comes maturity as well as the freedom to be able to make personal decisions and support them in spite of opposition. Once an adult begins making personal decisions that have nothing to do

Outline and abstract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline and abstract - Research Paper Example The term paper will focus on analyzing the legal imperative steps that must be taken in order for an online contract to be concluded. The concepts of offer, acceptance and consideration will be analyzed under the Canadian legal provisions, as well as the international acts regulating this domain. These steps will be critically analyzed by the author in order to explain the difficulties that might occur in their performance and to recommend, if possible, better solutions to overcoming these difficulties in the online world. The difference between an invitation to treat and an offer will be also explained, although it is sometimes difficult to establish. However, the paper will try to analyze it as thoroughly as possible so that most of the differentiating aspects are cleared up. The author will describe the legal characteristics that an offer must have and will also analyze them. The rules of acceptance will be explained and analyzed, focusing on the concept of cross-offer and the legal manners of acceptance, too. The paper will also focus on the moment of conclusion of online contracts, which is determined by the moment of acceptance. According to article 23 of UNCITRAL â€Å"a contract is concluded when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective†. The practical application of this stipulation will be also analyzed. In Canada, conclusion of online contracts falls under the jurisdiction of the following legislative acts: United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on Electronic Commerce ("U.N. Model Law"); Uniform Electronic Commence Act (UECA); Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act; and the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. The author will give a brief description of each of these acts, pointing out their strong and weak points. The research will be based on legislative acts, national and

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations Essay

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations - Essay Example Understanding Human Behavior It also forms a foundational block for the leadership skills of an individual. It is reported that it can be easier for one to understand others when he understands himself (Beach 28). This is usually referred to the people surrounding the individual. As a leader, one is required to portray a strong sense of self-discipline in order to attain the self-assessment values, which eventually leads to continuous improvement. The leaders should ensure that certain aspects are put into practice before engaging into other people’s affairs. The first aspect is the practice of what one preaches. This implies that leaders are expected to tell people what to do while at the same time do the same thing. They are expected to take ownership of the statements they give to people on the things they expect from them as they are expected to behave the same. Therefore, they are the ones to set these standards. The second aspect is based on the belief that change is always okay. It is good to make changes to the intended target if the leader is in a position of identifying the reason for having a different path (Millan and Melissa 51). These points can be useful in the implementation of the self-evaluation tools used by leaders individually or for the organization. If a leader decides to take a professional image, he should know that the implication is usually positive or negative. Leaders should be well equipped in knowing their weaknesses and strengths, which will help them as they take advantage of the whole concept. They will take their time on improving their weaknesses and using the skills, they have acquired to improve their strengths. This can be done by practicing their coaching skills at the same time implementing their mentorship skills. For a long time, scholars have been arguing in indicating the possibility of an individual being his own leader (Beach 36). This can be supported by the initiative that leaders are suppose to implement rules and helping their emplo yees under the same principles which guide them. This is difficult for many leaders as they are expected to take ownership of all the problems affecting the organization together with the people working in it. This helps the other employees to have self-management, which is comprised of self-leadership. This is the type of mechanism that majority of today’s leaders use in making decision for their workers in the organization. Another argument raised by scholars implies that this is applicable to all the leaders. However, this can be refuted as some leaders have a strong implication of themselves, which will have a different view in establishing their weakness or strength. This is applicable when attempting to look at the changes they are required to undergo. Another benefit of having a self-assessment as a leader is the readiness of production of ideas (Mawson 69). There are cases where individuals will have numerous ideas but will be unable to air them out to the public. Thi s situation is attributed to several factors such as being introvert, low self-esteem or being scared. On the other hand, a self-assessed individual will not accept and will brush them off before they initiate the ideas. Another argument that has always been raised in regards to self-assessment is the genetic association with the leadership skills. It is asserted that there is a strong interaction amongst genetic influence and leadership when it is a question of entrepreneurial skills and running of businesses.

Reading analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading analysis - Assignment Example It is, though, probably accurate to say that social pressure plays a huge role in determining how both women and men form their personal values. Societal pressure is an experience that all members of a society are openly exposed to and have to contend with, particularly in childhood and teenage years. However, the question remains, ‘How can this influence of society on young people’s values be measured or quantified?’ The fact is that this is almost impossible to accomplish. According to Gulla, â€Å"one can only use his or her own experience in terms of how much what society demands has contributed to the formation of personal values or the testimonies of others to determine if societal pressure can affect personal beliefs† (76). Parental influence is also likely play a huge role in determining personal beliefs. The fact that young people often behave in similar ways to their parents is another obvious observable fact in almost every culture in the world. Still, the influence of an individual’s personality becomes evident when the individual becomes independent and moves away from the parents. People will often adopt different interests from those encouraged by society or even their families once they are outside the control of their parents. This means that it is individual personality that mostly influences the value systems of people. According to Lewis, â€Å"it would appear that the influence of social or peer pressure as well as parental beliefs is only temporary for well-developed people† (Lewis, 301). At younger ages, the individual may not have the mental capacity to bear the consequences of refusing to adopt the preferred values as determined by society as well as parents. However, with adulthood comes maturity as well as the freedom to be able to make personal decisions and support them in spite of opposition. Once an adult begins making personal decisions that have nothing to do

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations Essay

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations - Essay Example Understanding Human Behavior It also forms a foundational block for the leadership skills of an individual. It is reported that it can be easier for one to understand others when he understands himself (Beach 28). This is usually referred to the people surrounding the individual. As a leader, one is required to portray a strong sense of self-discipline in order to attain the self-assessment values, which eventually leads to continuous improvement. The leaders should ensure that certain aspects are put into practice before engaging into other people’s affairs. The first aspect is the practice of what one preaches. This implies that leaders are expected to tell people what to do while at the same time do the same thing. They are expected to take ownership of the statements they give to people on the things they expect from them as they are expected to behave the same. Therefore, they are the ones to set these standards. The second aspect is based on the belief that change is always okay. It is good to make changes to the intended target if the leader is in a position of identifying the reason for having a different path (Millan and Melissa 51). These points can be useful in the implementation of the self-evaluation tools used by leaders individually or for the organization. If a leader decides to take a professional image, he should know that the implication is usually positive or negative. Leaders should be well equipped in knowing their weaknesses and strengths, which will help them as they take advantage of the whole concept. They will take their time on improving their weaknesses and using the skills, they have acquired to improve their strengths. This can be done by practicing their coaching skills at the same time implementing their mentorship skills. For a long time, scholars have been arguing in indicating the possibility of an individual being his own leader (Beach 36). This can be supported by the initiative that leaders are suppose to implement rules and helping their emplo yees under the same principles which guide them. This is difficult for many leaders as they are expected to take ownership of all the problems affecting the organization together with the people working in it. This helps the other employees to have self-management, which is comprised of self-leadership. This is the type of mechanism that majority of today’s leaders use in making decision for their workers in the organization. Another argument raised by scholars implies that this is applicable to all the leaders. However, this can be refuted as some leaders have a strong implication of themselves, which will have a different view in establishing their weakness or strength. This is applicable when attempting to look at the changes they are required to undergo. Another benefit of having a self-assessment as a leader is the readiness of production of ideas (Mawson 69). There are cases where individuals will have numerous ideas but will be unable to air them out to the public. Thi s situation is attributed to several factors such as being introvert, low self-esteem or being scared. On the other hand, a self-assessed individual will not accept and will brush them off before they initiate the ideas. Another argument that has always been raised in regards to self-assessment is the genetic association with the leadership skills. It is asserted that there is a strong interaction amongst genetic influence and leadership when it is a question of entrepreneurial skills and running of businesses.

A General Biography Essay Example for Free

A General Biography Essay Colin Jones presents a moderate and historical description of the development of the city of Paris. According to Jones, although Paris was the center of European culture, it was also the center of political intrigues, rebellion, and revolution. From 1715, Paris became the witness of the sad pages in the books of Western history. Revolutions, religious wars, and political chaos descended the city – a result of factionalism. Indeed, according to the author, the beautiful city of Paris shrouded the problems which were common to the French state. From 1715 The reign of Louis XIV brought France to a period of relative peace and prosperity. The ‘Sun King’ built palaces throughout the country to commemorate his glorious reign. Near Paris, for example, he ordered the building of the Versailles Palace. The city, however, was relentless. Riots periodically broke out, as the supply of food in the city gradually diminished. In 1750, the city was again torn by civil dissent. This time, it was the issue of continued colonial wars. Many of the Parisians regarded the colonial wars as addition burden on the part of the common people. However, when viewed from the lens of a historian, it was clear that the dissent was caused by periodic famine in the city. After the death of Louis XIV, the stage was set for a revolution. The reign of Louis XVI seemed to be calm and on the road to progress. Many of the Parisians, as most of the French people, liked the new monarch. He was spiritually subtle and politically mild. The extravagance of his court, however, caught the imagination of the people of Paris. France was suffering from bankruptcy; Paris was descending into another great famine. The French monarchy did nothing to alleviate these sufferings. In fact, when Marie Antoinette asked, â€Å"what is happening to the city? † her maid said, â€Å"the people do not have enough bread. † The queen replied, â€Å"Then, they should eat cakes. † Paris was ripe for a revolution. On July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastille was attacked by a large Parisian mob. The king was forced to call the Estate-General to resolve the economic and political issues. The Third Estate broke from the council and declared the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Over the years, Paris became a battleground of political ideologies. A republic was established. The king, together with prominent royalists, was executed. Over the course of five years, Paris saw the rise of Napoleon to the throne of France. Paris became the capital of the First French Empire under Napoleon. With the demise of Napoleon in the early 1800s, Paris was the scene of political turmoil. The monarchy was reestablished. By 1830, Parisians revolted against the monarchy during the July Revolution. The February Revolution of 1848 ended the monarchy of Louis-Philippe. The Second Republic was established. The Industrial Revolution and the Second French Empire brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From 1840, rail transport allowed the flow of migrants into Paris. Most of these migrant were attracted by employment in factories. Under Napoleon II, the city underwent massive renovations. Streets were widened and the neo-classical facades of Paris were improved. During the Second and Third Republics, Paris was again renovated. Modern buildings were constructed. During the First World War, the city known today was in place. It was spared from the trenches of the Western Front because the German Army failed to reach its suburbs in 1914. During the Second World War, the city was again spared. It was neither the center of German industry nor the primary target of Allied bombers. After the war, the city was renovated. It became the center of arts and culture in the European continent. Reference Colin Jones. 2004. Paris: The Biography of a City. New York: Penguin Viking.

History Of Stereotypes And Bullying Film Studies Essay

History Of Stereotypes And Bullying Film Studies Essay More and more bullying cases are being reported each year. About 160,000 children stay at home due to bullying going on in school. Although bullying has been around for so long, there has been a great amount of media response to the topic these past three or four years. With TV shows portraying storylines and situations in which their characters get bullied, it is interesting to notice how the bullying in question is being represented. One cant help but wonder if what we are seeing on TV is what happens in real life, or if its just being exaggerated for shock effect or to gain more viewers. A clear example of bullying being represented in current media is the American TV series: Glee. The show is about a group of teenagers who cant seem to find their place in the social circles of high school, they join glee club so they can fit in and ultimately be accepted for who they are. Since the series began in 2009, it has had a massive following with audience members all around the globe. It s attracted more viewers of different age groups than its intended demographic and overall its having a successful run. With this information the following question arose: To what extent is high school bullying portrayed accurately in the TV Series Glee? Glee has been chosen specifically because during its bullying arc ratings were generally positive. With the highest viewed episode being an estimated 26.8 million viewers and its lowest 8.85 million, its safe to say that the audience watching at home was subjected to their representation of bullying that Glee had made. The show throughout its three complete seasons has referenced bullying in a minor or major way, ranging from emotional to physical abuse. Since the show has gained a great amount of followers during its run, teenagers and adults alike may feel identified with the characters because of the setting. Since it is portrayed in high school, teens can relate because they are currently living it and adults can find similarities with their experience because theyve already lived it. The main idea is to compare real life situations and events that have happened in American high schools with moments in the show, then discuss the accuracy in the portrayal of such events and see if the television reenactment does the real life situation justice. Whats bullying? Bullying is an epidemic that everybody can experience. Whether youre in high school, college, or well into adulthood, you are always going to find someone that will hurt you physically or emotionally, even if they meant to or not. It is fairly common in school periods because children and teenagers are experiencing changes in their personal and social lives. Bullying is widespread and perhaps the most underreported safety problem on American school campuses (Batsche, G. M. Knoff, H. M). School is most likely to have this problem because there are such a vast number of students all under the same roof of different ethnicities, ages, social groups, etc. Its impossible for everybody to get along, and some are more inclined to show it than others. Bullying by definition is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose (StopBullying). There are many different kind of bullying such as: physical, verbal, emotional, indirect, cyber, sexual harassment and hazing. Bullying isnt just punching or calling people names, there are various types of bullying that can be described. One of the different types is verbal bullying, or also known as verbal abuse. It is defined as name-calling, making offensive remarks, or joking about a persons religion, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or the way they look. Verbal aggression is when a bully teases someone. It can also include a bully making verbal threats of violence or aggression against someones personal property. 46.5% of all bullying in schools is the verbal type (Library.ThinkQuest, 2012). The 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) indicates that, nationwide, 20% of students in grades 9-12 experienced bullying. Media and bullying Glee is a modern example of bullying portrayal, with plotlines such as the main characters in the actual glee club get harassed for being in said club and end up having slushies thrown at them: the perfect example of hazing. Also, cyber bullying makes a brief appearance in two episodes: one where the main character (Rachel Berry) receives some nasty comments for uploading a video of her singing and another situation where a secondary character (Dave Karofsky) is receiving negative comments on Facebook when his friends find out hes gay. One of the main plot lines the show handled in the second season of the series is having one of the main characters (Kurt Hummel) being tormented by the football team not only because hes in glee club, but because of his sexual orientation. He ends up being thrown in dumpsters, being slushied more often than his friends, and even being sexually harassed. The bullying got so bad that the solution he found was best for him was to transfer schools to get away from the nonstop torment. The fact of the matter is that bullying is indeed a serious threat to a persons wellbeing, we are only now seeing the problem represented in the media in the most relatable and common setting: in a high school environment. Since television is a common and effective way to transmit information and entertainment, viewers are subject to see whatever the media presents them. How is it represented? Bullying has been represented in the media for years now. Its a common topic for TV shows because everybody is subject to experience it during their lifetime. Since its a common life experience during ones teenage years, we can all relate to it one way or another, whether were being the bully or the one being bullied. But since the main idea of this essay is to analyze the American representation and its accuracy, the examples presented will be compared to real life articles or situations that have occurred in the United States. Representation in media outlets is important for just about any topic because these outlets are what people listen, watch and read. It plays a big part in influencing its audience because we have a tendency to repeat what we see on our TV screens, or what we read on the newspaper or heard on the radio. So while watching a show that is touching the subject of bullying, the accuracy of this topics portrayal is important where you want to prove a point or exaggerate it just to send a message.   In September 2010,  a freshman at Rutgers University died in an apparent suicide  after his roommate secretly filmed him in an intimate encounter and then streamed the video over the Internet (New York Times, 2010). This is an example of a case of cyber bullying we can compare with Glee. In the third seasons fourteenth episode titled On my way, one of plot lines centers around the fact that the character, Dave Karofsky, is  outed  at his school and this causes him to be bullied by his football teammates in the locker room. His classmates bully him via his Facebook profile and Karofsky attempts  suicide by hanging himself, but his father find him just in time and is taken to the hospital. This news causes grief and shock amongst students and teachers from his old school, especially Kurt Hummel. While these situations arent identical with the premise, both subjects were bullied via internet and due to the fact that they were gay. Both students were harassed because of their sexual orientation and it led to ones death and one nearly dying. The shows creator, Ryan Murphy, has made it clear that he wanted to portray a bullying storyline within the show. Sometimes thats an accurate depiction of what happens (Ryan Murphy, 2010). And while presenting this quote, Murphy has been true to his word, with situations like the one stated above, not leaving any details out of what can truly happen in intense bullying cases. Stereotypes and Bullying The definition for stereotypes is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing (Oxford Dictionary, 2012). Stereotypes are preconceived perceptions people have about a group of people, it is extraordinarily common in society and they can lead to bullying starting from a young age. Although stereotypes may be true in some cases, making a general assumption about a group of people is hurtful. In media cases, we are presented with these stereotypes because the character is funnier that way or it makes for a good punch line. But its also important that the stereotypical bullying process is mentioned. For example, bullies are often stereotyped to being big, bulky, and dumb and they will always pick on the little guy. This has been proven as false. Anybody can be a bully, gender doesnt matter, what you look like doesnt either, friends, even family members can be bullies sometimes. In Glee, there are a handful of stereotypes that range from the typical jock character to the really smart Asian kid. In a sense, it works with the show because it dwells into the problems these characters face with their respective stereotypes, although thats not always the case. In season three, episode four; they introduced Rory Flanagan, an Irish exchange student with a heavy accent and always wears green clothes. This makes one of the main characters (Brittany Pierce) to think that hes a leprechaun, and proceeds to ask if he can grant her three wishes. Another bullying Physical Abuse Physical abuse is any intentional and unwanted contact with you or something close to your body. Sometimes abusive behavior does not cause pain or even leave a bruise, but its still unhealthy  (Love is Respect, 2007). In bullying, since the target age that is being analyzed is in between teens ages fifteen through eighteen, the majority of bullying done in high schools doesnt involve more physical contact that the typical locker shove. Although, there are some cases in which people do take it too far, making victims scared of even going to school because of what other things the bullies can do. In 2011, Brooke Bliss, a sixteen year old high school student in New York, said that she has been bullied for years at school. Once, several girls ganged up on her and started calling her names. Then, the bullying turned physical. Brooke said that other teens pushed her into a wall and off of a weight machine, causing injuries to her hip and side (CNY Central, 2011). In Glee, this type of bullying is also being demonstrated. With Kurt being constantly being pushed into lockers (mostly during the second season), and in the beginning of the season being thrown into a dumpster, its clearly a method of bullying going over the verbal barrier of just simply teasing somebody. This is inflicting physical harm on a person, meaning theres a chance for visible injuries and that have to take serious care of depending on the damage done. With the real life and fictitious examples, comparing them side by side, the topic itself is being treated exactly as it is. Glee is depicting a problem that occurs in high schools nationwide, and this is only one of the many types of bullying going on that we can only hear about from news articles, news broadcasts or even radio. Since we dont go to these schools, the only thing we can rely on is our own experiences in school, or what we see in the media and believe it. Hazing Hazing is a subtype of bullying that involves someone being forced to submit to humiliating treatment in order to earn membership in the group responsible for the hazing (Murray, 2006). The definition for hazing in its essence is to make someone do a really embarrassing task in order to be inside a group. But to what extent is that considered harmless when it involves people to do ridiculous tasks that could harm their wellbeing? In Glee, the football team constantly throws frozen iced drinks (slushies) into the glee club members faces. Its the right of passage for each glee club member because they are inaugurating them into the bottom of the food chain in their high school environment. They joined glee club, so the jocks make it their mission to throw slushies at them as a welcome gift. While the standard definition of the term hazing refers mainly to joining a group voluntarily, and hazing is just the initiation process, the term can be taken halfway because albeit the glee club members did in fact join a group, the initiation process was mostly from the jocks, their bullies. Even if some of the jocks arent in glee club, they are being humiliated in front of the school to acknowledge their social status at school, according to Murrays definition. In season threes Micheal episode, one of the other main characters (Blaine Anderson) has a slushie thrown at him by opposing glee club member Sebastian Smythe from the Warblers. It turns out that the slushie had rock salt in it, so when it hit Blaine in his face, it caused him to need eye surgery. While this was not Sebastians intention, it still caused noticeable physical harm. Hazing may be all fun and games for the ones doing it, but it can lead to physical injury and emotional distress amongst those participating in it. Verbal Abuse Perhaps the most common form of bullying is that of oral assaults -threats, derogatory name-calling, and insulting remarks about a persons appearance, mental ability, race, religion, habits, family background, mode of speech, lifestyle, friends, sexual orientation, and more (Murray, 2006). Verbal abuse is the use of words to cause harm to the person being spoken to. It is difficult to define and may take many forms. Similarly, the harm caused is often difficult to measure. The most commonly understood form is name-calling. Verbal abuse may consist of shouting, insulting, intimidating, threatening, shaming, demeaning, or derogatory language, among other forms of communication (USLegal, 2012). With these two definitions we can see that the common denominator is using words to make a person feel bad. It is the most common form of bullying because its so easy to apply; while youre walking down a hallway all you have to do is say something and walk away, leaving the bullied victim with an emotional scar instead of a physical one. Throughout the shows history, Glee has made it clear that insults are the common bullying weapon. Bullying Today, why now? Bullying has been for as long as anyone can remember. With bullying being identified as early stages in life like grade school and kids getting progressively meaner the older they get, its no wonder kids and teens alike are afraid to go to school most of the time. Today, with the constant growth of cyber media and technology, these are being used as weapons along with their actual fists or words. Its much easier for the bully to reach out to their victim throughout the internet rather than just seeking them out in person during school hours. It seems much safer for them because no one is there looking at the actual bullying taking place. Using the articles and their Glee counterparts, its safe to say that they are inspired by true events happening all across the country. They dont follow the article on the dot, but they do portray a bullying situation similar to the examples stated. With Dave Karofsky, they managed to create a plot for the character similar to the bullying situation of the student from Rutgers University. With the examples stated in the essay, the analysis of each one and their fictional representation is specific and sees the influence the show got from them so they could be demonstrated in the show. The problem with fictional representation is that we only see the problem for a split second, we only get vague details about whats going on in the characters story, theres only so much we can find out in a show with so many characters and different plot lines in a single episode. One of the many reasons bullying has been brought to light by the media recently is due to the many suicides occurring in the period of September October in 2010, the main cause being bullied to the extreme. Tyler Clementi from Rutgers University, he was cyber bullied. Seth Walsh, a 13 year old boy from Tehachapi also committed suicide because he was being bullied in school due to his sexual orientation. By seventh grade, he was afraid to walk home from school (Time Magazine, 2010). The cases were one after another, and this is the reason why it gained a lot of media attention. The fact that that in a single month four teenagers died to similar reasons, it made the news pretty quickly. This caused the education system to invest more in antibullying campaigns. Even President Obama asked for a 12% increase in their funding (2010). While examining the accuracy of the fictional representation that Glee portrays, it has become clear that the bullying subject has been treated and portrayed as such. The show focuses on the high school glee club New Directions, portrayed as a group of underdogs with low popularity status, and how they also deal with personal and social issues. Since its main focus is high school, it is centered towards bullying affecting the teenage audience; therefore comparing it to the real life cases shown in the length of this essay is justified. The shows second season was heavy on the bullying plot, and focused often on recurring character, Kurt Hummel, who was bullied due to the fact that he was gay. But this is only one of many examples, their gym coach Sue Sylvester, has been shown to be portrayed as ruthless and aggressive to students and teachers alike, making it abundantly clear that she hates everybody but more particularly the glee club. She uses slurs, throws sticks at students, and in some cases, has pushed students into lockers. Glee is a fictional TV show, and that has to be taken into consideration. Like all works of fiction, even if it takes place in a school, or in modern day times, things can be exaggerated or modified to fit the story. The purpose of media is to entertain their audience, and more specifically with television. But that doesnt necessarily mean we shouldnt take the lessons it can teach us when presented. When the audience watches a show, they can learn a great deal of things; this doesnt leave Glee out of it. It made their audience become more aware of the degree bullying has increased all over schools in the country and that anybody can be a victim. They showed the causes, the consequences, and the emotional pain victims go through when bullied, they even added the bullys point of view to explain why they did it. In conclusion, bullying is a nationwide epidemic. According to the National Educational Association (2012) up to 13 million kids are bullied every year. Not everybody is bullied the exact same way, so representation in the media is important for it be well known amongst audiences nationwide. Although Glee may have moments where you ask yourself if that really happens or not (i.e., slushies in the face), it represents the bullying storyline as a case for their own character, basing their story with ones shown on the news and on the internet. It isnt farfetched because there are people who can relate to the storyline whether or not its identical. So, bullying is presented as accurately as possible in the show. There are mentions of racial slurs, insults, stereotypes, and harassment; these are all elements in the bullying spectrum to use against their intended target. Maybe well perceive it as exaggerated because weve never experienced it before, or our educational environment is comple tely different than the one being presented to us on TV, but the fact of the matter is that anybody could have been bullied like they have been on the Glee representation, and were only finding out about it now.